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HEM Exam 3 > EBV, CMV, Viral Latency, and Cancer > Flashcards

EBV, CMV, Viral Latency, and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

acute lytic infection

A
  • viral infection that results in the production of progeny virus and lysis of the infected cell
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2
Q

acute lytic viral infections - initial infection event is followed by

A
  • rapid, often exponential replication of the virus
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3
Q

acute symptoms of lytic viral infections due to

A
  • tissue destruction due to virus replication

- side effects of host immune response

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4
Q

chronic lytic viral infection

A
  • productive viral infection in a subset of cells
  • continual infection/re-infection cycle
  • ongoing shedding of virus from infected cells that does not immediately result in lysis.
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5
Q

types of chronic lytic infections

A
  • chronic focal infection

- chronic diffuse infection

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6
Q

chronic focal infection

A
  • a new subset of carrier cells produces virus
  • infects neighboring cells
  • initial cells replaced by new cells
  • newly infected cells reinstate the process
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7
Q

chronic diffuse infection

A
  • both infected cells and virus continue to replicate
  • cells are not lysed by virus
  • cells continue to shed virus for their life span
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8
Q

hepatitis C causes what kind of infection?

A
  • chronic lytic infection
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9
Q

what type of replication does hepatitis C virus have

A
  • persistent lytic replication
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10
Q

result of hepatitis C virus

A
  • culminates in cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma
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11
Q

the main difference between acute lytic and chronic infection is

A
  • the time to clear the virus
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12
Q

acute infection time to clear the virus

A
  • less than two weeks
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13
Q

chronic infection time to clear the virus

A
  • weeks/months/years
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14
Q

what is latency in a virus?

A
  • presence of viral nucleic acid in the absence of pre-formed infectious virus that has the ability to re-initiate lytic replication
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15
Q

the difference between chronic versus latent infection

A
  • difference is in the molecular state of the virus
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16
Q

production of virus in latent infection

A
  • latent infections do not produce infectious virus
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17
Q

product of virus in chronic infection

A
  • chronic infections involve continual production of new viral particles
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18
Q

what is the viral genome maintained as in all latent viruses

A
  • DNA
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19
Q

provirus

A
  • viral genome integrated into host genome
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20
Q

episome

A

viral genome maintained as extra chromosomal DNA

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21
Q

EBV is in what virus family?

A
  • herpesvirus 4
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22
Q

DNA in herpesvirus

A
  • linear dsDNA

- in icosahedral core

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23
Q

virus particle in herpesvirus

A
  • enveloped in lipid membrane
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24
Q

where does the lipid membrane come from in herpesvirus?

A
  • lipid comes from the host cell
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25
Q

where is EBV’s site of latency

A
  • lymphoid cells
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26
Q

where is CMV’s site of latency

A
  • various cells
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27
Q

EBV transmitted by

A
  • saliva
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28
Q

EBV initially infects

A
  • epithelial cells in oropharynx
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29
Q

EBV spreads to

A
  • blood

- infects B-cells via CD21 complement receptor

30
Q

primary infection in EBV

A
  • asymptomatic
31
Q

when is EBV clinically apparent as infectious mono

A
  • when primary infection occurs later in adolescents and young adults
32
Q

clinical signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis

A
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • lymphadenopathy
33
Q

mononucleosis is the proliferation of

A
  • mononuclear cells

- lymphocytes

34
Q

infected B cells are recognized as

A
  • atypical lymphocytes by cytotoxic T cells
35
Q

immunologic test in EBV

A
  • heterophiles antibodies
36
Q

heterophile antibodies used

A
  • define antibodies against poorly-defined or cross reacting antigens
37
Q

how is EBV tested

A
  • monospot test

- does not confirm infection

38
Q

EBV specific antibodies

A
  • IgM - early
  • IgG - later
  • VCA - viral capsid antigens
39
Q

treatment of EBV

A
  • acyclovir not effective

- no vaccine

40
Q

EBV associated diseases

A
  • life-threatening mono in children with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
  • hairy leukoplakia
  • burkitt’s lymphoma
41
Q

hairy leukoplakia symptoms

A
  • whitish, nonmalignant lesions on the tongue
42
Q

hairy leukoplakia found in which population

A
  • immunocompromised patients, specially AIDS
43
Q

Burkett’s lymphoma endemic in

A
  • Africa

- New Guinea

44
Q

Burkett’s lymphoma sporadic in

A
  • US

- Western Europe

45
Q

Burkett’s lymphoma associated with

A
  • HIV
46
Q

EBV latency

A
  • establishes latency as episomall DNA in nucleus of infected B cells
  • ONLY INFECTS B cells
47
Q

latently infected cells produce

A
  • IL-10 resulting in uncontrolled proliferation
48
Q

two groups of genes mutated in cancer

A
  • tumor suppressors

- proto-oncogenes

49
Q

activity of tumor suppressors

A
  • inhibit cell cycle progression
50
Q

mutation in tumor suppressors

A
  • loss of function
51
Q

examples of tumor suppressors

A
  • Rb
  • p53
  • p16
  • ARF
  • PTEN
52
Q

porto-oncogenes activity

A
  • stimulate cell cycle progression
53
Q

mutation in cancer of proto-oncogenes

A
  • gain of function
54
Q

proto-oncogene is (wild type/mutant)

A
  • wild type
55
Q

oncogene is (wild type/mutant)

A
  • mutant
56
Q

examples of proto-oncogenes

A
  • cyclin D1
  • Mdm2
  • myc
  • ras
57
Q

more divisions in EBV infected cells means

A
  • more chances that unlikely mutations occur
58
Q

CMV transmitted by

A
  • transplacentally
  • saliva
  • genital secretions
  • transfusions
  • transplants
59
Q

CMV on smear

A
  • giant cell formation with intranuclear inclusions

- looks like owl eyes

60
Q

most common cause of congenital abnormalities in the US

A
  • CMV
61
Q

CMV symptomatology for primary infections in kids and adults

A
  • asymptomatic
62
Q

CMV in 1st trimester of pregnancy

A
  • cytomegalic inclusion disease causes defects in many organs
63
Q

latently infected cells by CMV

A
  • have unstable MHC1

- aren’t well recognized by CD8 T cells

64
Q

CMV skin findings

A
  • blueberry muffin lesions in neonates
65
Q

heterophiles test in CMV

A
  • heterophiles negative mono in immunocompetent individuals
66
Q

symptoms of CMV in transplant patients

A
  • pneumonia
  • esophagitis
  • hepatitis
67
Q

infection of CMV in AIDS patients

A
  • intestinal infections
  • severe colitis
  • diarrhea
  • retinitis
68
Q

CMV treatment

A
  • ganciclovir and valgancyclovir

- no vaccine

69
Q

why are heterophiles antibodies associated with infectious mono in EBV but not CMV

A
  • EBV infects B cells which makes a lot of antibodies not specific for the virus
  • CMV infects a host of cells
70
Q

why does acyclovir not work well against EBV infection

A
  • acyclovir must be activated by viral thymidine kinase

- only in infected cells

71
Q

ganciclovir is activated by

A
  • cellular kinase

HEM Exam 3 (20 decks)

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