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HEM Exam 3 > Cancer Bio > Flashcards

Cancer Bio Flashcards

1
Q

epigenetics

A
  • methylation

- histone modification

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2
Q

what does it mean that cancer is epistatic?

A
  • one lesion per pathway required
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3
Q

nearly 100% of cancer has which inactivation

A
  • p16^INK4a-Rb
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4
Q

90% of cancer has which inactivation?

A
  • p53
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5
Q

how does inactivation occur

A
  • deletion of the gene
  • point mutation fo the gene
  • silencing of the gene
  • by promoter methylation
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6
Q

proto-oncogene type of gene

A
  • high conserved eukaryotic gene
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7
Q

proto-oncogene important in

A
  • cellular growth and development
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8
Q

proto-oncogenes become oncogenes by

A
  • over/under expression

- mutation

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9
Q

cellular oncogenes involved in

A
  • cellular genes involved in development and/or maintenance of malignant phenotype
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10
Q

viral oncogene

A
  • viral genes able to transform cells
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11
Q

oncogenic mechanisms

A
  • growth factors
  • signal transduction
  • cell cycle control
  • regulation of gene expression
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12
Q

examples of professional tumor suppressor genes

A
  • p16^INK4a

- p53

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13
Q

tumor suppressors role in normal development

A
  • serve only to prevent transformation
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14
Q

Li-fraumeni syndrome

A
  • hereditary predisposition to cancer
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15
Q

role of p53 gene

A
  • arrests cell cycle when DNA damage occurs

- promotes apoptosis in damaged cells

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16
Q

what is the most commonly mutated gene in cancer

A
  • p53
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17
Q

people born with Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A
  • born with one abnormal copy of p53
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18
Q

formation of cancer requires that

A
  • a sub-population of neoplastic cells maintain the ability to self renew
  • malignant cells not die
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19
Q

cellular adaptations

- can be pathologic and physiologic

A
  • hyperplasia
  • hypertrophy
  • metaplasia
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20
Q

abnormal growth

- always pathologic

A
  • dysplasia

- neoplasia

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21
Q

hyperplasia

A
  • increase in cell number
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22
Q

hyperplasia usually associated with

A
  • increase in tissue mass (hypertrophy)
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23
Q

hypertrophy

A
  • increase in cell size

- production of new sub cellular components

24
Q

what is hypertrophy not

A
  • hypertrophy is not swelling
25
metaplasia
- change of one differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type
26
what type of response is metaplasia
- adaptive response
27
reversibility of metaplasia
- usually reversible
28
dysplasia
- atypical proliferation of cells with abnormal appearance and disorderly rearrangement
29
dysplasia - abnormal appearance
- pleomorphism - nuclear enlargement - nuclear irregularity - hyperchromasia
30
dysplasia - nuclear enlargement
- increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
31
disorderly arrangement
- loss of polarity - loss of maturation - abnormal location of mitotic figures
32
neoplasia
- abnormal growth of tissue - excessive growth of tissue - uncoordinated and autonomous
33
anaplastic
- lack of cellular differentiation
34
benign neoplasms
- growth without invasion of spread
35
growth of benign neoplasms
- grow slowly | - usually remain localized
36
morbidity of neoplasms caused by
- size - anatomic location - production of hormone or other cell product
37
nomenclature for benign neoplasms
- add -oma
38
histology of benign neoplasms
- resembles normal counterpart
39
paraneoplastic syndrome symptoms due to
- symptoms not due to local presence of neoplastic cells - but systemic effect - secretion of humoral factors by tumor cells
40
paraneoplastic syndrome most commonly associated with
- malignant neoplasms
41
cells in dysplasia
- abnormal appearing | - abnormal cellular architecture
42
reversibility of dysplasia
- reversible
43
carcinoma in situ
- dysplastic changes involving full thickness of epithelium
44
cells in carcinoma in situ
- don't extend beyond basement membrane
45
carcinoma
- malignant cells with atypical morphology extend beyond basement membrane
46
nomenclature for malignant neoplasms in mesenchymal cells
- sarcomas
47
nomenclature for malignant neoplasms in epithelium
- carcinoma
48
mixed neoplasms are called
- teratomas
49
most common of solid tumors
- carcinomas
50
sarcomas are more common in
- children | - adolescents
51
histologic grade refers to
- level of differentiation
52
high histologic grade refers to
- poorly differentiated
53
anatomic stage refers to
- extent or spread of the tumor
54
anatomic staging system
- tumor 0-4 - nodes 0-4 - metastasis 0+
55
all cancers demonstrate
- dysregulation of proliferation - DNA repair - apoptosis and differentiation

HEM Exam 3 (20 decks)

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