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HEM Exam 3 > Cancer Bio > Flashcards

Cancer Bio Flashcards

1
Q

epigenetics

A
  • methylation

- histone modification

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2
Q

what does it mean that cancer is epistatic?

A
  • one lesion per pathway required
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3
Q

nearly 100% of cancer has which inactivation

A
  • p16^INK4a-Rb
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4
Q

90% of cancer has which inactivation?

A
  • p53
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5
Q

how does inactivation occur

A
  • deletion of the gene
  • point mutation fo the gene
  • silencing of the gene
  • by promoter methylation
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6
Q

proto-oncogene type of gene

A
  • high conserved eukaryotic gene
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7
Q

proto-oncogene important in

A
  • cellular growth and development
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8
Q

proto-oncogenes become oncogenes by

A
  • over/under expression

- mutation

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9
Q

cellular oncogenes involved in

A
  • cellular genes involved in development and/or maintenance of malignant phenotype
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10
Q

viral oncogene

A
  • viral genes able to transform cells
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11
Q

oncogenic mechanisms

A
  • growth factors
  • signal transduction
  • cell cycle control
  • regulation of gene expression
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12
Q

examples of professional tumor suppressor genes

A
  • p16^INK4a

- p53

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13
Q

tumor suppressors role in normal development

A
  • serve only to prevent transformation
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14
Q

Li-fraumeni syndrome

A
  • hereditary predisposition to cancer
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15
Q

role of p53 gene

A
  • arrests cell cycle when DNA damage occurs

- promotes apoptosis in damaged cells

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16
Q

what is the most commonly mutated gene in cancer

A
  • p53
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17
Q

people born with Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A
  • born with one abnormal copy of p53
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18
Q

formation of cancer requires that

A
  • a sub-population of neoplastic cells maintain the ability to self renew
  • malignant cells not die
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19
Q

cellular adaptations

- can be pathologic and physiologic

A
  • hyperplasia
  • hypertrophy
  • metaplasia
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20
Q

abnormal growth

- always pathologic

A
  • dysplasia

- neoplasia

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21
Q

hyperplasia

A
  • increase in cell number
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22
Q

hyperplasia usually associated with

A
  • increase in tissue mass (hypertrophy)
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23
Q

hypertrophy

A
  • increase in cell size

- production of new sub cellular components

24
Q

what is hypertrophy not

A
  • hypertrophy is not swelling
25
Q

metaplasia

A
  • change of one differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type
26
Q

what type of response is metaplasia

A
  • adaptive response
27
Q

reversibility of metaplasia

A
  • usually reversible
28
Q

dysplasia

A
  • atypical proliferation of cells with abnormal appearance and disorderly rearrangement
29
Q

dysplasia - abnormal appearance

A
  • pleomorphism
  • nuclear enlargement
  • nuclear irregularity
  • hyperchromasia
30
Q

dysplasia - nuclear enlargement

A
  • increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
31
Q

disorderly arrangement

A
  • loss of polarity
  • loss of maturation
  • abnormal location of mitotic figures
32
Q

neoplasia

A
  • abnormal growth of tissue
  • excessive growth of tissue
  • uncoordinated and autonomous
33
Q

anaplastic

A
  • lack of cellular differentiation
34
Q

benign neoplasms

A
  • growth without invasion of spread
35
Q

growth of benign neoplasms

A
  • grow slowly

- usually remain localized

36
Q

morbidity of neoplasms caused by

A
  • size
  • anatomic location
  • production of hormone or other cell product
37
Q

nomenclature for benign neoplasms

A
  • add -oma
38
Q

histology of benign neoplasms

A
  • resembles normal counterpart
39
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome symptoms due to

A
  • symptoms not due to local presence of neoplastic cells
  • but systemic effect
  • secretion of humoral factors by tumor cells
40
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome most commonly associated with

A
  • malignant neoplasms
41
Q

cells in dysplasia

A
  • abnormal appearing

- abnormal cellular architecture

42
Q

reversibility of dysplasia

A
  • reversible
43
Q

carcinoma in situ

A
  • dysplastic changes involving full thickness of epithelium
44
Q

cells in carcinoma in situ

A
  • don’t extend beyond basement membrane
45
Q

carcinoma

A
  • malignant cells with atypical morphology extend beyond basement membrane
46
Q

nomenclature for malignant neoplasms in mesenchymal cells

A
  • sarcomas
47
Q

nomenclature for malignant neoplasms in epithelium

A
  • carcinoma
48
Q

mixed neoplasms are called

A
  • teratomas
49
Q

most common of solid tumors

A
  • carcinomas
50
Q

sarcomas are more common in

A
  • children

- adolescents

51
Q

histologic grade refers to

A
  • level of differentiation
52
Q

high histologic grade refers to

A
  • poorly differentiated
53
Q

anatomic stage refers to

A
  • extent or spread of the tumor
54
Q

anatomic staging system

A
  • tumor 0-4
  • nodes 0-4
  • metastasis 0+
55
Q

all cancers demonstrate

A
  • dysregulation of proliferation
  • DNA repair
  • apoptosis and differentiation

HEM Exam 3 (20 decks)

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