[E3] Chapter 09 Flashcards
Good nutrition is important during the Fetal phase of prenatal development because at this time
a. The mass of cells is undifferentiated and rapidly multiplying.
b. Cells differentiate into brain, organ and physical structures.
c. Maturation and weight gain enable survival outside the womb.
d. The ball of cells enters and implants into the uterine wall.
c. Maturation and weight gain enable survival outside the womb.
Nutrients as well as inappropriate substances like alcohol reach the developing embryo or fetus through the
a. Amniotic sac
b. Zygote
c. Placenta
d. Fallopian tube
c. Placenta
____________ during the fetal period reduces the ability of the mother’s blood cells to carry oxygen and nutrients specifically increasing the risk of having a low birth-weight infant.
a. Being a vegetarian
b. Smoking cigarettes
c. Drinking alcohol
d. Aerobic exercise
b. Smoking cigarettes
Newborns are born with a very strong reflex grip and will hold on to anything that presses the palm of their hand. This demonstrates the importance of _______________ in human development and survival.
a. Learning
b. Schemas
c. Nurture
d. Nature
d. Nature
At the end of the first two years of life a child should have added an average of _____ pounds and _____ inches.
a. 10 / 15
b. 15 / 10
c. 20 / 15
d. 25 / 20
c. 20 / 15
Developmental increases in ability reflect increases in the gray matter of the child’s cortex, this gray matter represents ________ neurons.
a. Unattached
b. Associative
c. Afferent
d. Efferent
b. Associative
Which of the following statements is not true about infant perception at birth?
a. Infants make distinct facial expressions that tell us if they like the taste of a substance.
b. Infants lack sensory capabilities and have almost no perception of their world.
c. Infants prefer their mother’s voices probably because they can hear while still in the womb.
d. Infants look for distinct areas of contrast but cannot see fine detail clearly for about a year.
b. Infants lack sensory capabilities and have almost no perception of their world.
Piaget described human intelligence in terms of ________________, the inclusion of new events into schemas and ________________, modification of the schema to integrate inconsistent information.
a. Suppression / Repression
b. Assimilation / Accommodation
c. Analogy / Availability
d. Proactive / Retroactive
b. Assimilation / Accommodation
Piaget theorizes that cognitive development begins in the sensorimotor period when the infant is
a. Engaging in logical thought, understanding conservation if using tangible objects.
b. Not understanding other points of view, uses words in an illogical, egocentric way.
c. Coordinating sensory information and motor activity into object permanence.
d. Able to engage in abstract reasoning and deduction based on hypothetical principles.
c. Coordinating sensory information and motor activity into object permanence.
Preoperational children use language to explain themselves but their way of thinking is __________, they see the world from their point of view and not the same way as adults.
a. Conservative
b. Subconscious
c. Egocentric
d. Imitative
c. Egocentric
According to Piaget, children who are between 6 and 11 years of age are concrete operational, meaning
a. Engaging in logical thought, understanding conservation if using tangible objects.
b. Not understanding other points of view, uses words in an illogical, egocentric way.
c. Coordinating sensory information and motor activity into object permanence.
d. Able to engage in abstract reasoning and deduction based on hypothetical principles.
a. Engaging in logical thought, understanding conservation if using tangible objects.
An adolescent’s belief that other people are as concerned with what that adolescent is thinking and doing as the adolescent is, is called
a. Personal fable
b. Imaginary audience
c. Animism
d. Scaffolding
b. Imaginary audience
According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory, children learn to think in ways that have meaning through
a. Accumulated practice and reinforcement.
b. Maturation of the brain and nervous system.
c. Interactive and instructional activities within cultures.
d. Passive observation and then imitation of other people.
c. Interactive and instructional activities within cultures.
_______________ refers to the temporary nature of the supportive assistance provided by adults and how this assistance us removed as the child becomes more independent at the task.
a. Animism
b. Scaffolding
c. Centration
d. Preservation
b. Scaffolding
According to Kohlberg, the Preconventional level of moral reasoning is typical of children in Kindergarten which means these students define right and wrong based on
a. consequences of behavior particularly punishment and reward.
b. an inner personal moral code and universal values.
c. conformity to family and social convention.
d. rules maintaining social order and justice.
a. consequences of behavior particularly punishment and reward.
Sally is at Kohlberg’s conventional level which means she
a. cannot remember the rules.
b. knows the rules but will disobey if not watched.
c. usually obeys rules because group values are important.
d. follows an internal set of rules despite the group.
c. usually obeys rules because group values are important.
Mary Ainsworth studied attachment using the Strange Situation. According to Ainsworth which of the following would indicate a secure attachment?
a. Loudly protesting, anxious and emotional both clinging and pushing mom away.
b. Plays quietly, does not protest mom leaving, does not react with happiness when she returns.
c. Mildly protests if mom leaves and is happy, readily comforted by mom on her return.
d. All of the above.
c. Mildly protests if mom leaves and is happy, readily comforted by mom on her return.
Timmy protests when his mother leaves the room, he is shy around the stranger but then when mom returns, he clings to mom and does not calm down even after the stranger leaves. Timmy has a
a. Secure attachment
b. Resistant attachment
c. Avoidant attachment
d. Conventional attachment
b. Resistant attachment
Harlow’s studies with monkeys found which of the following to be most important regarding attachment?
a. Learning and reinforcement
b. Inborn reflexes and traits
c. Physical contact comfort
d. Parent’s style of care
c. Physical contact comfort
Which of the following describes the characteristics of the Authoritative parent?
a. Warm, supportive and accepting of child but not strict, no guidance or explanation.
b. Has standards but is warm and supportive, willing to listen and discuss expectations.
c. Strict, expect obedience to high standards and not open to discussion of child’s view.
d. Have no rules and are not supportive because not interested in child’s activities.
b. Has standards but is warm and supportive, willing to listen and discuss expectations.
Paul finds sneaky ways to get around the rules because he knows his parents will not bend, they are strict and will not discuss how Paul is older and more responsible now. Paul’s parents are?
a. Authoritative
b. Permissive
c. Uninvolved
d. Authoritarian
d. Authoritarian
Although these parents are caring and accepting, because there are no rules at home, children of __________ parents tend to be friendly and outgoing but also impulsive, lacking social boundaries.
a. Permissive
b. Authoritarian
c. Authoritative
d. Uninvolved
a. Permissive
Which is the challenge of adolescent development according to Freud?
a. Find a way of coping with unconscious sexual desires.
b. Develop formal reasoning ability in preparation for college.
c. Achieve a sense of trust and move towards initiative.
d. Settle on a sense of identity, knowledge of who you are.
a. Find a way of coping with unconscious sexual desires.
Erik Erikson emphasized that if done correctly, the dynamics of parent- child relationships
a. Reinforce appropriate behavior and punish inappropriate behavior.
b. Produce an inner trust and initiative balanced by some self-doubt.
c. Encourage more logical reasoning and less egocentric thought.
d. All of the above
b. Produce an inner trust and initiative balanced by some self-doubt.
According to Erikson elementary school is where children are first exposed to meeting the challenges of academics and socializing and this contributes to developing inner _______________.
a. Industry
b. Initiative
c. Identity
d. Integrity
a. Industry
According to Dr. Arnett, what separates the period of adolescence from adulthood?
a. Continuing identity exploration
b. Vocational instability
c. Freedom to be self-focused
d. Lack of commitment
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The most rapidly growing segment of the population?
a. Children 6-12
b. Adolescents 16-20
c. Emerging adults 22-35
d. Old adults over 65
d. Old adults over 65
Which of the following represents Raymond Cattell’s view of intelligence in middle adulthood?
a. There are two, G factor declines while S specific IQ’s remain steady.
b. Abstract thinking declines but Practical thinking increases with experience.
c. Crystallized knowledge increases with age but processing speed slows down.
d. There are multiple IQ’s so intelligence depends on cultural factors not age.
c. Crystallized knowledge increases with age but processing speed slows down.
