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PSY 103 prof. Vasek > Chapter 01 > Flashcards

Chapter 01 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

Is the scientific study of human behavior and the mind

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2
Q

Theory

A

Organizes info about what is known about mind/behavior

  • Explains how the mind and/or behavior works
  • Enables prediction of future behavior and/or thinking
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3
Q

Pure Research

A

Study a topic, expand theory, but not always immediately useful

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4
Q

Applied Research

A

Design to solve specific problems and produce useful results

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5
Q

Experimental Psychologists

A

Conduct lab studies/experiments that try to identify causes of behavior

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6
Q

Personality Psychologists

A

Study behavior for patterns, consistent traits that define individuals

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7
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how people change with age

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8
Q

Health Psychology

A

Study of how physical illness affect health

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9
Q

Industrial Psychology

A

Study of behavior at work

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10
Q

Organizational Psychology

A

Study of behavior in large organizations

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11
Q

School Psychology

A

Assists a student, one-on-one

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12
Q

Educational Psychology

A

Use of psychology to design educational structure

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13
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

Application of psychology in the criminal justice system

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14
Q

Sport Psychology

A

Application of psychology to assist athletes in factors that help improve physical ability

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15
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

Trained to diagnose and treat people who have chronic and severe disorders (PhD/PsyD)

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16
Q

Counseling Psychologist

A

Trained to treat less severe disorders and general adjustment problems

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17
Q

Aristotle

A

Proposed a more scientific view of rules and laws to explain behavior and mind

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18
Q

Socrates

A

Proposed that rational thought needed to be complimented by inner introspection

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19
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Structuralism: study of how basic elements that make up experience (reduction to parts of behavior)

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20
Q

William James

A

Functionalism: study of how behavior and thinking helps us adapt to environment

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21
Q

[Behaviorism] John Watson

A

Psychology should study only observable causes of behavior; scientific only if study of what can be seen and measured

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22
Q

[Behaviorism] Skinner

A

Theory that reinforcement has casual effect on behavior; positive consequences cause behavior to be repeated

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23
Q

PsychoanalysisDr. Sigmund Freud (1927)

A

Dr. Sigmund Freud (1927) proposed that unconscious ideas and impulses formed in infancy/early childhood where the causes of adult behavior

24
Q

Gestalt PsychologyDr. Kohler (1930s)

A

Dr. Kohler (1930s) proposed study holistic perception processes, the influence on thinking and problem solving

25
Q

Kenneth & Mamie Phipps Clark

A

Conducted a study of children’s perceptions which was significant in the Supreme Court decision that segregated schools were not “separate but equal”

26
Q

[Current] Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Assume behavior and thought flows from internal and unconscious causes

  • Freud: proposed parent-infant dynamics were formative
  • Erikson: proposed the dynamics are social and continue across the lifespan
27
Q

[Behaviorism] Learning Perspective

A

Assume only external experience determines behavior; study how stimuli and consequences elicit behavior

28
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Experience is important, BUT…

  • People observe, think about what other people were rewarded for doing
  • People’s actions changes their environment (select or ignore reward)
29
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Assumes there are physiological (chemical or physical functions) causes of behavior and thought, especially how brain, hormones, and heredity relate to a person’s behavior

30
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Studies genetic control of behavior and traits; assumes survival enhancing traits are passed along parent to child

31
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Studies mental processes like memory, learning, thought, perception; assumes that behavior depends on mental ability

32
Q

Humanistic-Existential Perspective

A

Studies self-awareness; assumes we make our own personal decisions

• Existentialism assumes we have free will and direct our lives, and are responsible for our choices

33
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

Assumes that behavior is influenced by society and culture

  • Studies the influence of ethnicity, gender, values, socioeconomic status
  • ADHD example: Boys more than girls are diagnosed with ADHD
34
Q

Critical Thinking

A
  • Look for evidence
  • Examine definitions and assumptions
  • Avoid oversimplifying and overgeneralizing
35
Q

Scientific Method

A

An organized way of using experience and testing ideas

36
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific statement about behavior or thinking that is testable

37
Q

[Data] Generalization

A

To apply results to people no actually studiedMay be affected by volunteer bias: when volunteers differ in significant ways from those who do not volunteer

38
Q

[Data] Representative Sample

A

When sample accurately reflects diversity within the population

39
Q

[Data] Random Sample

A

Ensures diversity because every person has equal chance of selection

40
Q

[Data] Stratified Sample

A

Ensures subgroups are represented in proportion to how they appear in population

41
Q

Natural Observation

A

Observe organism in its natural habitat; cannot ask questions or intervene in any way

42
Q

Laboratory Observation

A

Create place of study that is similar to real life conditions; all participants have the opportunity to show what they would do

43
Q

Case Study

A

Biographical study of one (1) or two (2) individuals; gain detail but takes a long period of time and the sample size is small

44
Q

Survey Study

A

People answer questions about attitudes, opinions, and behaviors; large sample size, but the data is unreliable as people may exaggerate and/or lie

45
Q

Correlational Method

A

Determines if a consistent, predictable relationship between two or more observed variable exists; there is NO attempt to influence the variables

• Correlations =/= proof! ! ! !

46
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Statistic that describes the strength of relationship (between -1 to +1)

  • Pos. correlations ( + ): the variables move in the same direction
  • Neg. correlations ( - ): the variables move in opposite directions
47
Q

Experimental Method

A

Seeks to confirm cause and effect relationships by:

  • Manipulating test variables
  • In controlled laboratory conditions
48
Q

Independent Variable

A

This variable is manipulated; expected to cause a change

49
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measured effect, or change expected to be dependent ton the independent variable

50
Q

Experimental Group

A

Receives the independent variable/treatment

51
Q

Control Group

A

All conditions are held consistent

52
Q

Quasi-Experimental Method

A

Researcher looks to compare pre-existing groups that differ on only one single variable

• People who have smoked [vs] people who have never smoked

53
Q

Blind Design

A

When participants do not know which group they are in

• The way a person thinks can cause a behavior not part of the study

54
Q

Double-Blind Design

A

Both participant and observer do not know which group is which

• Knowing the group could lead observer to [expect something] and therefore [look to find] what they expect

55
Q

[Ethics] Basic Guidelines

A
  • Do no harm
  • Keep confidentiality
  • Act to ensure people volunteered and were not forced to participate or deceived into participating
  • Ethic Review Boards: determine if research proposals adhere to guidelines
56
Q

[Ethics] Informed Consent

A

To provide enough information so people can decide if they want to participate or not

57
Q

[Ethics] Debriefing

A

To answer questions and give additional explanation of value of study at the end of the study

PSY 103 prof. Vasek (13 decks)

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