E2, Ch 8: Learning and Decision Making

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

permanent changes in knowledge/skills resulting from experience

Question 2

explicit knowledge

Answer 2

relatively easy to communicate
ex. brand of cars

Question 3

tacit knowledge

Answer 3

more difficult to communicate
ex. how to ride a bike

Question 4

learning through reinforcement

Answer 4

operant conditioning process

Question 5

social learning theory

Answer 5

learning through observation

Question 6

learning through goal orientation

Answer 6

individual predispositions for learning

Question 7

operant conditioning process (ABC)

Answer 7

antecedent: condition preceding behavior –>
behavior: action performed –>
consequence: result occurring after behavior

Question 8

reinforcement theory

Answer 8

people are motivated to perform or avoid behaviors bc of past outcomes

Question 9

positive reinforcement *most common

Answer 9

wanted outcome is included
INCREASES desired behavior

ex. do X for ice cream

Question 10

extinction *most common

Answer 10

wanted outcome is removed
DECREASE unwanted behavior

ex. if you don’t show up on time, you won’t get extra credit

Question 11

punishment

Answer 11

unwanted outcome is added
DECREASE unwanted behavior

ex. if you do X, you will go to jail

Question 12

negative reinforcement

Answer 12

unwanted outcome is removed
INCREASES desired behavior

ex. if you do X, you don’t have to take the exam

Question 13

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 13

reward is given following every desired behavior
high level of performance but hard to maintain
ex. praise

Question 14

fixed interval reinforcement schedule *most commonly used

Answer 14

reward given following fixed time periods
average level of performance
ex. paycheck

Question 15

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 15

reward given following variable time periods
moderately high level of performance
ex. supervisor walk-by

Question 16

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 16

given after a fixed # of desired behaviors
high level of performance
ex. piece-rate pay

Question 17

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 17

reward given after variable number of desired behaviors
very high level of performance
ex. commission pay

Question 18

fixed interval and variable interval reinforcement schedules rely on…

Answer 18

time

Question 19

fixed ratio and variable ratio reinforcement schedules rely on…

Answer 19

behavior

Question 20

social learning theory

Answer 20

people learn by observing others they think are knowledgable
behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated

Question 21

social learning theory:
attention –>
retention –>
reproduction

Answer 21

• become aware of skills to watch
• remember the skills
• testing out the skills to see if they result in same outcomes

Question 22

learning orientation

Answer 22

learners focused on increasing ability in new tasks

Question 23

performance-prove orientation

Answer 23

learned focused on demonstrating their competence in task performance so others will think favorably of them

Question 24

performance-aid orientation

Answer 24

learners focused on demonstrating competences so others will not think poorly of them

Question 25

decision making

Answer 25

process of generating/choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem

Question 26

decision making process (3)

Answer 26

1. identify problem
2. has problem been dealt with before?
3. yes: programmed decisions (intuition, gut feeling)
   no: non-programmed decisions (rational decision making model)

Question 27

rational decision making model (5)

Answer 27

1. determine criteria for making decision
2. generate alternatives
3. evaluate alternatives
4. choose solution maximizing value
5. implement

Question 28

2 common reasons for making bad decisions

Answer 28

1. limited information (bounded rationality, sacrificing)
2. faulty perceptions and attributions

Question 29

bounded rationality

Answer 29

we are likely to boil problem down to something easily understandable,
come up with a few straightforward solutions and evaluate them as we come up with them,
and use distorted/inaccurate information to ultimately pick the first acceptable alternative = satisfice

Question 30

faulty perceptions: selective perception

Answer 30

process of retrieving info ab environment tends to be faulty bc we see things as consistent with our expectations

Question 31

faulty perceptions: cognitive heuristics

Answer 31

cognitive shortcuts used when decision-making under uncertainty
makes decision-making easier buy can bias us toward inaccurate decisions