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Potato and Egg > (E) 401-500 > Flashcards

(E) 401-500 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. CHYLOMICRONS: transport of exogenous/dietary triglyceride
  2. VLDL: transport of endogenous/liver synthesized triglyceride
  3. LDL: cholesterol transport
  4. HDL: reverse cholesterol transport
A
  1. UREA is the FIRST metabolite to elevate in kidney diseases.
  2. UREA is only a rough estimate of renal function and will not show any significant level of increased concentration until the GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IS DECREASED BY AT LEAST 50%.
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2
Q
  1. CHLORIDE AND BICARBONATE: chief extracellular anions are chloride and bicarbonate, and there is a RECIPROCAL relationship between them: a decrease in the amount of one produces an increase in the amount of the other.
A
  1. DERANGEMENTS OF BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
    HEMOLYSIS: Hemolytic anemias
    TRANSPORT DEFICIT: Gilbert’s syndrome
    CONJUGATION DEFICIT: Crigler-Najjar syndrome
    EXCRETION DEFICIT: Dubin-Johnson (IEM), Rotor syndrome (viral origin), biliary obstruction
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3
Q
  1. Bowers-McComb: Reference method for ALP, substrate is p-nitrophenylphosphate
A
  1. CONTRIBUTOR TO SERUM OSMOLALITY:
    92% sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
    8% other ECF electrolytes, serum proteins, glucose and urea
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4
Q
  1. INCREASED ADH: Fluid retention, low serum sodium
  2. DECREASED ADH: Fluid loss, high serum sodium
A
  1. INCREASED ALDOSTERONE: Hypertension, low serum potassium
  2. DECREASED ALDOSTERONE: Low serum sodium, high serum potassium
  3. INCREASED RENIN: Hypertension
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5
Q
  1. Thyroid status is best assessed biochemically by measurement of plasma TSH and free T4, with free T3 being measured in addition if hyperthyroidism is suspected
A
  1. KEY PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DRUG DISPOSITION
    LIBERATION: Release of the dug
    ABSORPTION: Transport of the drug from the site of administration to the blood
    DISTRIBUTION: Delivery of the drug to the tissues
    METABOLISM: Chemical modification of the drug by cells
    EXCRETION: Drugs and its metabolites are excreted from the body
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6
Q
  1. Route of drug administration is associated with 100% bioavailability: INTRAVENOUS
A
  1. Establishing a reference interval: require from 120 to as many as ≈700 study
  2. Verifying a reference interval: require as few as 20 study individuals
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7
Q
  1. RANDOM ERROR: Error that does not recur in regular pattern; no trend or means of predicting it
    Mislabeling a sample
    Pipetting errors
    Improper mixing of sample and reagent
    Voltage fluctuations not compensated for by instrument circuitry, and temperature fluctuations
A
  1. SYSTEMATIC ERROR: Recurring error inherent in test procedure; seen as a trend in the data
    Improper calibration
    Deterioration of reagents
    Sample instability
    Instrument drift
    Changes in standard materials
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8
Q
  1. THE ACCEPTED “BIOHAZARD” LABEL: FLUORESCENT ORANGE
  2. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MUST BE GROUNDED WITH THREE-PRONGED PLUGS.
  3. NOT VISIBLY SOILED HANDS: hand antisepsis with an alcohol-based hand rub
A
  1. VISIBLY SOILED HANDS: hands should be washed with soap and water, dry with paper towel
  2. ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF URINE: urea, creatinine, uric acid
  3. INORGANIC COMPONENTS OF URINE: chloride, sodium, potassium
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9
Q
  1. GESTATIONAL DIABETES: hormones secreted by the placenta block the action of insulin, resulting in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
A
  1. DYSMORPHIC RED BLOOD CELLS: indicative of GLOMERULAR BLEEDING
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10
Q
  1. VALUES OF pH CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH CALCULI FORMATION
    pH < 5.5: uric acid, cystine, or xanthine calculi
    pH 5.5 to 6: calcium oxalate and apatite calculi
    pH > 7: magnesium ammonium phosphate or calcium phosphate calculi
A
  1. DIMORPHIC ANEMIA:
    The presence of hypochromic cells and normochromic cells in the same film is called anisochromia or, sometimes, a dimorphic anemia

This is characteristic of SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIAS but also is found some weeks after IRON THERAPY FOR IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, or in a hypochromic anemia AFTER TRANSFUSION with normal cells

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11
Q
  1. MACROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA:
    Caused by traumatic cardiac hemolysis (RBC fragmentation from damaged or prosthetic cardiac valves) or exercise-induced hemolysis (mechanical trauma from forceful impact on feet or hands or strenuous exercise)
A
  1. MICROANGIOPATHIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA:
    Characterized by the shearing of RBCs as they pass through small blood vessels partially blocked by microthrombi
    Fragmented RBCs (called schistocytes) are formed, and the premature RBC destruction results in hemolytic anemia. Ischemic injury to the brain, kidney, and other organs also occurs.
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12
Q
  1. ASCHOFF BODIES: distinctive lesions occur in the heart, RHEUMATIC FEVER
  2. Decrease in ionized calcium: MAY RESULT IN TETANY
A
  1. WILSON’S DISEASE (HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION)
    Deficiency of ceruloplasmin
    Disordered copper metabolism, in which hepatic excretion of copper into the bile is impaired, leading to toxic deposition of copper in tissues.
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13
Q
  1. CHOLINESTERASE: DECREASED VALUE IS SIGNIFICANT
  2. GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE (GGT)
    SZASZ assay
    Detection of alcoholism and monitoring of alcohol consumption by these patients during treatment
A
  1. ETHOSUXIMIDE
    Drug of choice for absence (petit mal) seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures
    It is preferred over valproic acid, at least initially, because hepatotoxicity is a rare but serious side effect of valproic acid (HENRY)
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14
Q
  1. Normal blood pH: pH 7.35 to 7.45 (pH 7.40; H+ 40 nmol/L)
  2. ACIDEMIA: pH < 7.35; H+ >45 nmoles/L
  3. ALKALEMIA: pH > 7.45; H+ <35 nmoles/L
A
  1. VINEGAR: natural disinfectant; bleach alternative for some applications
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15
Q
  1. STREPTOLYSIN O
    Oxygen labile (destroyed by oxygen)
    Antigenic
    Subsurface hemolysis
A
  1. STREPTOLYSIN S
    Oxygen stable
    Non-antigenic
    Surface hemolysis
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16
Q
  1. Urine volume for drug testing (COC): 30 to 45 mL urine; 60-mL container capacity
  2. Urine volume for routine urinalysis: 10 to 15 mL urine; 50-mL container capacity
  3. Afternoon specimen (2 pm to 4 pm): urobilinogen determination
  4. Renal threshold for glucose: 160 to 180 mg/dL
A
  1. Squamous epithelial cell: Largest cell in the urine sediment
  2. Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell: most significant epithelial cell, originate from the nephron
  3. Yellow to brownish red, moderately hard: URIC ACID AND URATE STONES
  4. Pale and friable: PHOSPHATE STONES
17
Q
  1. Very hard, dark color, rough surface : CALCIUM OXALATE STONES
  2. Yellow-brown resembling an old soap, somewhat greasy: CYSTINE STONES
A
  1. CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS: formed from the granules of disintegrating EOSINOPHILS; found in sputum in asthma patients and feces in dysentery patients
18
Q
  1. Calibration of the centrifuge: EVERY THREE (3) MONTHS
  2. Disinfection of the centrifuge: WEEKLY
A
  1. TURNAROUND TIME (TAT): Time from ordering a test through analysis in the laboratory to the charting of the report
19
Q
  1. Marker for hematopoietic stem cells: CD 34
  2. C3 DEFICIENCY
    Most serious of the complement deficiencies
    Associated with sever and recurrent infections, glomerulonephritis
A
  1. C2 DEFICIENCY
    Most common of the complement deficiencies
    Associated with autoimmune diseases (LE-like), atherosclerosis
20
Q
  1. TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY (ANAPHYLACTIC):Anaphylaxis, hay fever, asthma, food allergy
  2. TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY (CYTOTOXIC): Transfusion reactions, HDN, thrombocytopenia
A
  1. TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY (IMMUNE COMPLEX): Arthus reaction, serum sickness
  2. TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY (DELAYED OR CELL-MEDIATED): Contact dermatitis, tuberculin test ex. Mantoux
21
Q
  1. ACUTE INFLAMMATION: predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils)
A
  1. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: predominantly mononuclear cell infiltration (macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells)
22
Q
  1. Recommended fixative for nervous tissue (CNS) preservation: FORMALDEHYDE (FORMALIN)
  2. Fix sputum since it coagulates mucus: ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN (GENDRE’S) FIXATIVE
  3. Fixative for electron microscopy: GLUTARALDEHYDE FOLLOWED BY SECONDARY FIXATION IN OSMIUM TETROXIDE
A
  1. Most common metallic fixative: MERCURIC CHLORIDE
  2. Fixative of choice for tissue photography: MERCURIC CHLORIDE
  3. Removal of black mercurial deposits: SATURATED IODINE SOLUTION IN 96% ALCOHOL
23
Q
  1. Recommended mainly for tumor biopsies especially of the skin: HEIDENHAIN’S SUSA SOLUTION
  2. Recommended for study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis : ORTH’S FLUID
A
  1. Demonstrates Rickettsiae and other bacteria: ORTH’S FLUID
  2. Excellent fixative for glycogen demonstration: PICRIC ACID
  3. Yellow stain taken in by tissues prevents small fragments from being overlooked: PICRIC ACID
24
Q
  1. Glacial acetic acid solidifies at what temperature: 17C
  2. Effect of glacial acetic acid: CAUSES THE TISSUES TO SWELL
  3. Considered to be as the most rapid fixative; fixes and dehydrates at the same time: CARNOY’S FLUID
A
  1. Decalcification should be done: AFTER FIXATION AND BEFORE IMPREGNATION
  2. Most common and fastest decalcifying agent used: NITRIC ACID
  3. Decalcified and softens tissue at the same time: PERENYI’S FLUID
  4. Decalcifying agent that contains hydrochloric acid: VON EBNER’S FLUID
25
Q
  1. Most commonly used clearing agent in histology laboratories: XYLENE (XYLOL)
  2. Fastest embedding: VACUUM EMBEDDING
  3. Highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymers: PARAPLAST
  4. Semisynthetic wax recommended for embedding eyes: BIOLOID
A
  1. Product of paraffin containing rubber: TISSUE MAT
  2. Tissue is soft when block is trimmed: INCOMPLETE FIXATION
  3. Clearing agent turns milky: INCOMPLETE DEHYDRATION
  4. Air holes found on tissue during trimming: INCOMPLETE IMPREGNATION
26
Q
  1. Serves as a link between the tissue and the dye: MORDANT
  2. Accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction: ACCENTUATOR
A
  1. Probably the best vital dye: NEUTRAL RED
  2. Vital dye recommended for mitochondria: JANUS GREEN
  3. Ripening of hematoxylin: OXIDATION
27
Q

NEPHROTIC AND NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
1. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
A collection of clinical findings indicating adverse glomerular changes. It is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria, and generalized edema.
A nonspecific disorder associated with renal as well as systemic diseases.

A
  1. NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
    A group of clinical findings indicative of glomerular damage that include hematuria, proteinuria, azotemia, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
    Severity and combinations of features vary with the glomerular disease.

Potato and Egg (15 decks)

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