1-120

Question 1

1. Double embedding: Infiltrated with CELLOIDIN
   then embedded with PARAFFIN.
2. Flotation waterbath: 45 to 50 C
3. To remove formalin pigments: Picric acid
4. To remove mercurial deposits: Iodine
5. Explosive when dry: Picric acid

Answer 1

6. Function of alum in hematoxylin: Mordant
7. Primary importance of Frozen Sections: RAPID
   DIAGNOSIS
8. Enzyme histochemistry: Frozen section
9. Second best choice for routine cytologic
   examination after Papanicolau: Phase contrast
   microscopy
10. NOT SUITABLE for kidney structures: Bouin’s

Question 2

11. Cell death due to ischemia (loss of blood supply)
    is known as infarction, and is manifested by
    characteristic histologic appearance: COAGULATION
    NECROSIS
12. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea:
    Clostridium difficile
13. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most frequently
    recovered Corynebacterium species from human
    clinical material. It is part of the normal skin
    microbiota

Answer 2

14. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients: Candida albicans
15. Double-walled, wrinkled cyst form: Acanthamoeba castellanii
16. Intracellular form of blood and tissue flagellates: leishmanial form
17. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8
18. Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: pH 5.5 or less

Question 3

19. Microhematocrit: 10,000 g for 5 minutes
20. Standing plasma test: creamy layer (chylomicrons); turbid (VLDL)

Note: Smelling plates in a clinical setting can be dangerous and is strongly discouraged.

Answer 3

a. Beta-hemolytic streptococci - distinctive buttery odor
b. Proteus - “chocolate cake” or “burnt chocolate” smell
c. P. aeruginosa - fruity or grapelike smell, corn tortilla-like odor
d. Burkholderia cepacia complex - dirtlike odor
e. Alcaligenes faecalis - fruity odor res. apples or strawberries
f. Chromobacterium violaceum - smell of ammonium cyanide (almond-like)

Question 4

g. Eikenella corrodens - chlorine bleach odor
h. Pasteurella multocida - musty or mushroom odor
i. Haemophilus influenzae - mouse nest odor
j. Neisseria animaloris - odor resembles popcorn
k. Clostridium difficile - horse stable odor
l. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - ammonia smell

Answer 4

m. S. aureus - old sock
n. P. aeruginosa - fruity or grapelike
o. P. mirabilis - putrid
p. Haemophilus - musty basement, “mousy” or “mouse nest”
q. Nocardia spp.- freshly plowed field
CM

Question 5

21. Microanatomical fixatives should never contain osmic acid/osmium tetroxide because it inhibits hematoxylin.
22. Nuclear fixatives should contain glacial acetic acid due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin.
23. Cytoplasmic fixatives (Flemming’s without HAc, Regaud’s, Orth’s, Helly’s and formalin with post-chroming). They should never contain Glacial Acetic Acid because it destroys the mitochondria and Golgi bodies.

Answer 5

24. Manual paraffin wax infiltration and embedding: At least four (4) changes of wax are required at 15 minutes interval to ensure complete removal of the clearing agent from tissue. The specimen is then immersed in another fresh solution of melted paraffin for approximately 3 hours to ensure complete embedding or casting of tissue.
25. Cambridge/Rocking microtome: invented by Paldwell Treffall
26. Bond between Best carmine and glycogen: Coulombic attraction/electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bonds

Question 6

27. Routine H and E: Regressive staining, it involves a differentiation step
28. Stains for the glomerular basement membrane: PAS, Azocarmine stain
29. Postmortem clotting: immediately after death, rubbery consistency
30. Antemortem thrombi: friable, characterized by fibrin precipitation
31. Leadership: DIRECTING

Answer 6

32. COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE: cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen) and topical thrombin
33. Donor deferral, measles (rubeola) vaccination: 2 weeks
34. Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella) vaccination: 4 weeks
35. When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain, GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE as opposed to the VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS.

Question 7

35. After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial cells and casts or free-floating in the urine sediment. To confirm that these granules are hemosiderin, the Prussian blue stain for iron is used and stains the hemosiderin granules a blue color. (RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN).
36. Second most prevalent protein in CSF: Prealbumin (transthyretin)

Answer 7

37. MECONIUM, which is usually defined as a newborn’s first bowel movement, is formed in the intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a dark green, mucus-like material. It may be present in the amniotic fluid as a result of fetal distress.

Question 8

38. Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an arm with a cannula (temporary dialysis access device) or fistula (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery).
39. Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

Answer 8

40. TETANY: neuromotor irritability accompanied by muscular twitching and eventual convulsions; generally due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)

Question 9

41. Reagent for the APT test: 1% NaOH
42. APT test: fetal blood, pink solution
43. APT test: maternal blood, yellow-brown supernatant
44. Florence test: test for choline
    Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals

Answer 9

45. Barbiero’s test: test for spermine
    Picric acid, TCA/ yellow leafshaped crystals, needles
46. Blondheim’s test: test to differentiate hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will precipitate hemoglobin
47. Nanometer is also millimicron
48. Embedding medium for EM is Plastic

Question 10

49. Best vital stain is neutral red
50. Vital stain for mitochondria is Janus Green
51. Ferning: Early pregnancy
52. Pap’s consists of 3 stains: Harris hematoxylin, OG 6 and EA

Answer 10

53. Total renal BLOOD flow is 1200 mL/min
54. Total renal PLASMA flow is 600 to 700 mL/min
55. Most potent estrogen is Estradiol
56. Most important androgen in terms of potency and amount secreted is testosterone(Marshall)

Question 11

57. Conn syndrome: primary aldosteronism
58. Hirsutism: male-pattern hair growth in women; most common cause is PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome, Marshall)

Answer 11

59. Primary male hypogonadism
    Decreased testosterone
    Increased LH and FSH
60. Secondary male hypogonadism
    Decreased testosterone
    Decreased LH and FSH

Question 12

61. BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient has eaten or become physically active. This is a good time to draw blood specimens because the is at rest and food has not been ingested during the night.
62. ACID: substance than can yield a hydrogen ion or hydronium ion when dissolved in water
63. BASE: substance than can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)

Answer 12

64. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES: properties of osmotic pressure, freezing point, boiling point and vapor pressure
65. t-test: compare accuracy, mean (TAM)
66. f-test: compare precision, SD (SPF)

Question 13

67. Random error: 1:2SD, 1:3SD, R:4S (ODD NUMBERS)
68. Systematic error: 2:2SD, 4:1SD, 10:x (EVEN NUMBERS)

Answer 13

69. ZERO-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is dependent on enzyme concentration only
70. FIRST-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration

Question 14

71. Arteriosclerosis: thickening or hardening of the walls of arteries
72. Atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipid in the veins and arteries
73. Azotemia: elevated urea in blood (Turgeon: urea and creatinine)

Answer 14

74. Addison’s disease: deficiency of adrenocortical hormones
75. Conn’s syndrome: aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma
76. Cushing’s syndrome: excessive production of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 15

77. Phaeochromocytoma: tumors of the adrenal medulla or symphatetic ganglia that produce and release large quantities of catecholamines
78. Amenorrhea: cessation of menstruation

Answer 15

79. Cirrhosis: Greek work YELLOW; irreversible scarring process by which normal liver architecture is transformed into abnormal nodular architecture
80. Gilbert’s syndrome: hereditary disorder in which there is DECREASED BILIRUBIN TRANSPORT into the hepatocytes.

Question 16

81. Crigler-Najjar syndrome: hereditary DEFICIENCY of the UDPG-TRANSFERASE ENZYME
82. Dubin-Johnson syndrome is associated with increased plasma conjugated bilirubin, inborn error of metabolism

Answer 16

83. Rotor syndrome, possibly of viral origin, where there is also a block in the excretion of conjugated bilirubin but without liver pigmentation
84. Wilson’s disease is a defect of copper transport from the liver resulting in overload of copper in liver and brain

Question 17

85. Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder in which defective transport of copper from mucosal cells results in copper deficiency.

Answer 17

86. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: chronic autoimmune thyroiditis; it is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism
87. Graves’ disease: diffuse toxic goiter

Question 18

95. POINT MUTATION: simplest type of mutation
    Only one nucleotide in the DNA sequence is changed
    Includes substitutions, insertions, and deletions

Answer 18

96. AMORPH: gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen; a silent gene
97. ANASTOMOSIS: connection between two blood vessels, either direct or through connecting channels

Question 19

98. ANTI-A1 LECTIN: DOLICHOS BIFLORUS
99. ANTI-B LECTIN: BANDEIRAEA SIMPLICIFOLIA
100. ANTI-H LECTIN: ULEX EUROPAEUS
101. ANTI-M LECTIN: IBERIS AMARA
102. ANTI-N LECTIN: VICIA GRAMINEA

Answer 19

103. DOSAGE: phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with a red blood cell carrying a double dose (homozygous inheritance of the appropriate gene) than with a red blood cell carrying a single dose (heterozygous inheritance) of an antigen
104. EPITOPE: portion of the antigen molecule that is directly involved in the interaction with the antibody; the ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT

Question 20

105. PRIVATE ANTIGEN: antigenic characteristic of the red blood cell membrane that is unique to an individual or a related family of individuals and therefore is not commonly found on all cells (usually less than 1% of the population)

Answer 20

106. PUBLIC ANTIGEN: antigen characteristic of the red blood cell membrane found commonly among individuals, usually more than 98% of the population
107. Apoptosis: programmed cell death

Question 21

108. Ecchymosis: small hemorrhagic spot, LARGER THAN PETECHIA, in the skin or mucous membrane, forming a rounded or irregular blue or purplish patch; also known as bruise
109. Koilonychia: fingernails are thin, flattened and concave; associated with iron deficiency anemia

Answer 21

110. Leptocyte: thin, flat red cell with hemoglobin at periphery and increased central pallor; hypochromic cell
111. Reed-Sternberg cell: presence is definitive histologic diagnosis of HODGKIN’S DISEASE

Question 22

112. Alder-Reilly anomaly: leukocytes of the myelocytic series, and sometimes all leukocytes contain coarse azurophilic mucopolysccharide granules
113. Auer rod: needle-shaped or round inclusion in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts and promyelocytes; composed of condensed primary granules

Answer 22

114. Chediak-Higashi anomaly: congenital, autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by partial albinism, photophobia and the presence of abnormally large blue granules in leukocytes
115. May-Hegglin anomaly: autosomal dominant inherited blood cell disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and granules containing cytoplasmic inclusions similar to Dohle bodies

Question 23

116. Sezary syndrome: cutaneous T CELL LYMPHOMA characterized by exfoliative erythroderma, peripheral lymphadenopathy and Sezary cells present in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood
117. Gaucher’s disease: rare disorder of fat metabolism caused by deficiency of glucocerebrosidase

Answer 23

118. Bernard-Soulier syndrome: mutations to platelet GP IB or GP IX, defect of platelet adhesion
119. Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia: mutations to platelet GP IIb or IIIa; defect of fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation
120. Lactoferrin: protein produced by the neutrophils and stored in the secondary granules that is able bind iron.