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836-955 Flashcards

1
Q

REFERENCE METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES: GC-MS

CHOLESTEROL: Abell-Kendall ➡️GC-MS
TRIGLYCERIDE: Modification of van Handel and Zilversmit ➡️ GC-MS

A

CHOLESTEROL MEASUREMENT
In the past, the reference method for cholesterol involved hexane extraction after hydrolysis with alcoholic KOH followed by reaction with Liebermann-Burchard color reagent, which comprises sulfuric and acetic acids and acetic anhydride.

Recently, the reference method has changed to a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method that now specifically measures cholesterol and does not detect related sterols.

TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT
Like the reference method for cholesterol, the CDC has recently switched to a GC–MS method that involves the hydrolysis of fatty acids on triglycerides and the measurement of glycerol.

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2
Q
  1. Urine for routine urinalysis: 10 to 15 ml urine (50 ml-container capacity)
  2. Urine for drug testing: 30 to 45 ml (60 ml-container capacity)
  3. Urine for cytology: at least 50 ml urine (Gregorios)
  4. Venipucture: 15 to 30 degree angle
  5. Arterial puncture: 45 to 60 degree angle (90 degrees for femoral artery)
A
  1. Before blood is collected from the radial artery in the wrist, one should do a MODIFIED ALLEN TEST to determine whether the ulnar artery can provide collateral circulation to the hand after the radial artery puncture.
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3
Q
  1. Central Venous Assess (CVA) collection: eliminates multiple phlebotomies and surgical situations. Five (5) ml of blood must be drawn and discarded to eliminate contaminants. CVA is not recommended for bacteriology (organisms can contaminate specimen)
  2. Order of draw from CATHETER LINES: First 3 to 5 ml blood is discarded THEN, blood culture, anticoagulated tubes and clot tubes.
A
  1. Donor bleeding: 45 degree angle to the skin, make a quick clean puncture; once in the skin, reduce the angle of the needle to about 10 to 20 degrees
  2. Anaerobic and require ICE slurry (immediate cooling): Lactic acid, ammonia, blood gas (if not analyzed within 30 min = ↓ pH, and po2), iCa+2 (heparinized whole blood if not analyzed within 30 min)
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4
Q
  1. C-Peptide test: evaluates hypoglycemia and continuous assessment of beta cell function
  2. Increased C-peptide: Insulinoma, type 2 DM, ingestion of hypoglycemic drugs
  3. Decreased C-peptide: Type 1 DM
A
  1. Colorimetric method for Triglycerides: van Handel and Zilversmith
  2. CDC reference method for TAG: Modified van Handel and Zilversmith ➡️GC-MS
  3. Fluorometric method for Triglycerides: Hantzch condensation
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5
Q
  1. Largest and least dense: CHYLOMICRONS
  2. Smallest but the most dense: HDL
  3. Found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency: Lipoprotein X
A
  1. Floating beta lipoprotein: β-VLDL
  2. Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein: Lp (a)
  3. Triglycerides, LDLc: FASTING 12 to 14 hours
  4. Formula for LDLc: Total cholesterol – HDL – VLDL
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6
Q
  1. Friedewald VLDLc (mmol/L): Triglycerides/2.175
  2. De Long VLDLc (mmol/L): Triglycerides/2.825
  3. Friedewald VLDLc (mg/dL): Triglycerides/5
  4. De Long VLDLc (mg/dL): Triglycerides/6.5
A
  1. REFERENCE METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL: Abell-Kendall ➡️GC-MS (Bishop)
  2. REFERENCE METHOD FOR TRIGLYCERIDE: Modification of van Handel and Zilversmit ➡️GC-MS (Bishop)
  3. TANGIER’S DISEASE: HDL is abnormal and significantly reduced
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7
Q
  1. Activated at cold temperature: Factors VII and XI (seven, eleven)
  2. Labile factors, decrease on storage: Factors V and VIII (five, eight)
A
  1. Wintrobe tube: 11.5 cm long, 3 mm bore
  2. Westergren tube: 30 cm long, 2.5 mm bore
  3. Capillary tube: 7 to 7.5 cm (70-75 mm) long, 1 mm bore (1.2 mm)
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8
Q
  1. Macrohematocrit: Centrifuge at 2,000 to 2,300 g for 30 minutes
  2. Microhematocrit: Centrifuge at 10,000 to 15,000 g for 5 minutes (five minutes)
A
  1. Normocytic, normochromic: Acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia
  2. Microcytic, hypochromic: Anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, IDA and sideroblastic anemia
  3. Macrocytic, normochromic: MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
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9
Q
  1. Poikilocytosis: DECREASED ESR
  2. Correction for WBC count, Adult: 5 or more nucleated RBCs/100 WBC differential
  3. Correction for WBC count, Neonate: 10 or more nucleated RBCs/100 WBC differential
A
  1. Increased EDTA: Decreased hematocrit, decreased ESR
  2. Hemoglobinopathies: QUALITATIVE defect in hemoglobin
  3. Thalassemia: QUANTITATIVE defect in hemoglobin
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10
Q
  1. Responsible for clot retraction: THROMBOSTHENIN
  2. Electromechanical detection of fibrin clot: FIBROMETER
  3. Photo-optical detection: Electra, COAG-A-MATE, Ortho-Koagulab
  4. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity: INVERTED PHASE CONTRAST microscop
A
  1. Stains for the BASEMENT MEMBRANE: PAS and azocarmine
  2. Fixatives for H & E: All fixatives can be used except those that contain osmic acid. Osmic acid (like Flemming’s) inhibits hematoxylin
  3. Manual H & E staining: REGRESSIVE STAINING, it includes a differentiation step
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11
Q
  1. Harris hematoxylin: Primary/Basic/Nuclear stain
  2. Eosin: Secondary/Counterstain/Acid/Cytoplasmic stain
  3. Stain of choice for cytology: ORIGINAL Pap’s stain
A
  1. Pap’s stain consists of 3 stains: Harris hematoxylin, Orange green (OG6) and Eosin Azure (EA)
  2. Harris hematoxylin: stains the nucleus
  3. OG 6: stains the cytoplasm of mature cells (superficial cells)
  4. EA 36/50/65: stains the cytoplasm of immature cells (parabasal, intermediate cells)
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12
Q

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS
901. FIRST PRESIDENT: Charlemagne T. Tamondong “Emergence of the Profession” (1963-1967)
902. Nardito D. Moraleta “Professional Recognition” (1967-1970)
903. Felix E. Asprer “Legislative Agenda” (1970-1971, 1973-1976)
904. Bernardo T. Tabaosares “Celebration of the Practice” (1971-1973)
905. Angelina R. Jose “Career Advocacy” (1973)

A
  1. Venerable C.V. Chua (Venerable OCA) “Educational Enhancement” (1977-1981)
  2. Carmencita P. Acedera “Image Building” (1982-1991)
  3. Marilyn R. Atienza “Proactivism” (1992-1996)
  4. Norma N. Chang “International Leadership” (1997-2000)
  5. Agnes B. Medenilla “Organizational Dynamism” (2001-2002, 2005-2006)
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13
Q

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS
911. Shirley F. Cruzada “Interdisciplinary Networking” (2003-2004)
912. Leila M. Florento “Beyond Expectations” (2007-2012)

A
  1. Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio “Soar Higher through V.O.I.C.E.” Visibility, Oneness, Integrity, Commitment and Excellence (2013 - 2015)
  2. Ronaldo E. Puno (2015-2020)
  3. CURRENT PAMET PRESIDENT IS SIR ROMMEL SACEDA (NOVEMBER 2020 TO PRESENT) ***
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14
Q
  1. FATHER OF PAMET: CRISANTO ALMARIO
  2. PAMET was originally organized on SEPTEMBER 15, 1963
  3. PAMET HYMN Music: Francis Jerota Pefanco
  4. PAMET HYMN Lyrics: Hector Gentapanan Gayares, Jr.
A
  1. Current PAMET President: Rommel Saceda
  2. Current PASMETH President: Bernard U. Ebuen
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15
Q
  1. Board of MT Head: Dr. Marilyn Barza
  2. Board of MT Member: Ma’am Leila Lani Florento
A
  1. PRC CHAIRPERSON: Atty. Charito Zamora
  2. DOH OFFICER-IN-CHARGE: Dr. Maria Rosario Singh-Vergeire
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16
Q
  1. BIPHASIC MEDIUM/CASTANEDA BOTTLES: BRUCELLA
  2. CIN medium: Y. enterocolitica
  3. CCFA: C. difficile
  4. BCYE medium: Legionella
  5. HBT medium: Gardnerella
A
  1. ssDNA: Parvovirus
  2. dsRNA: Reovirus
  3. Smallest RNA virus: Enterovirus (Picornaviridae)
17
Q
  1. Acid-resistant: Enterovirus
  2. Acid-sensitive: Rhinovirus
A
  1. KOPLIK’S SPOTS: MEASLES
  2. Measles: RUBEOLA
  3. German measles: RUBELLA
  4. Chickenpox: VARICELLA
18
Q
  1. Odor of bitter almonds: CYANIDE
  2. Garlic on breath, metallic taste on mouth: ARSERNIC
A
  1. A blood alcohol level in the range of 80 mg/dL has been established as the statutory limit for operation of a motor vehicle in the United States.

This is associated with a diminution of judgment and motor performance.

The determination of blood ethanol concentration by the laboratory in cases of drunk driving requires an appropriate chain of custody, documentation of quality control, and proficiency testing records.

19
Q
  1. Potentiometry: measurement of pH and pCO2
  2. Amperometry: measurement of pO2
  3. High affinity to keratin: ARSENIC
A
  1. Visible region: 400 to 700 nm
  2. UV region <400 nm
  3. Infrared region > 700 nm
20
Q
  1. Cholesterol, acceptable CV ≤ 3%
  2. Triglyceride, acceptable CV ≤ 5%
  3. HDLc, LDLc acceptable CV ≤ 4%
A
  1. OBESE BMI ≥ 30 kg/sq.m.
  2. Overweight BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/sq.m.
  3. Underweight BMI < 18.5 kg/sq.m.
  4. BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient has eaten or become physically active

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