(E) 1- 100 Flashcards
1
Q
- BACTERIA: Single-cell prokaryotic microorganisms
- FUNGI, PARASITES: Single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic organisms
- YEASTS: Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
- VIRUSES: Dependent on host cells for survival and therefore are not considered cellular organisms but rather INFECTIOUS AGENTS
- INCINERATION: Most common method of treating infectious waste; SAFEST METHOD to ensure that no infective materials remain in samples or containers when disposed
A
- MOST IMPORTANT PART OF HAND WASHING: Mechanical action of rubbing the hands together and soaping under the fingernails
- N. meningitidis: Sensitive to temperature changes
- Shigella spp.: Sensitive to changes in pH
- D-ZONE TEST: Determination of inducible-clindamycin resistance in staphylococci and streptococci
- Neisseria elongata: Gray, translucent, smooth, glistening; may have dry, CLAYLIKE CONSISTENCY
2
Q
- Moraxella catarrhalis: Friable “hockey puck” consistency
- Corynebacterium amycolatum: NORMAL FLORA of the human conjunctiva, skin and nasopharynx
- STRING TEST: 0.5% sodium deoxycholate lyses Vibrio cells; used to differentiate Vibrio spp. (positive) from Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides (negative)
- Haemophilus ducreyi: Chancroid, soft chancre, School of fish arrangement, railroad track appearance
- C. perfringens: Large; boxcar shape
A
- TRUE GERM TUBE: C. albicans, C. dubliniensis
- MEASLES VIRUS: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
- Ascaris lumbricoides: LOEFFLER’S SYNDROME (transient pulmonary infiltration; day-to-day clearing in 3 to 14 days; associated with marked peripheral eosinophilia)
- Strongyloides fuelleborni: Swollen belly syndrome
- Parastrongylus costaricensis (abdominal angiostrongyliasis): Patient may experience lower right quadrant; ABDOMINAL PAIN SIMILAR TO THAT MANIFESTED IN APPENDICITIS
3
Q
- Potassium is an INTEGRAL PART of the transmission of nerve impulses.
- POTASSIUM (K+) is the major intracellular cation in the body. Functions of K+ in the body include regulation of neuromuscular excitability, contraction of the heart, ICF volume, and H+ concentration.
A
- SODIUM (Na+) is the most abundant cation in the ECF, representing 90% of all extracellular cations, and largely determines the osmolality of the plasma.
4
Q
- CHLORIDE (Cl-) is the major extracellular anion. It is involved in maintaining osmolality, blood volume, and electric neutrality. In most processes, Cl− shifts secondarily to a movement of Na+ or HCO3−.
A
- CALCIUM (Ca2+) is involved in blood coagulation, enzyme activity, excitability of skeletal and cardiac muscle and maintenance of blood pressure. It is essential for myocardial contraction.
- Three hormones: PARATHYROID HORMONE, VITAMIN D, AND CALCITONIN - regulate serum CALCIUM.
5
Q
- PHOSPHORUS in inversely related to calcium. Phosphate is essential for the insulin mediated entry of glucose into cells by a process involving phosphorylation and co-entry of potassium.
A
- MAGNESIUM (Mg2+) is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellular ion. It is an essential cofactor of more than 300 enzymes, including those important in glycolysis; transcellular ion transport; neuromuscular transmission; synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and the release of and response to certain hormones.
6
Q
- Fever will decrease pO2 by 7 %
- Fever will increase pCO2 by 3 %
A
- Forward reaction for CK (creatine to creatine phosphate): Tanzer-Gilvarg
- Reverse reaction for CK (creatine phosphate to creatine): Oliver-Rosalki
7
Q
- Forward reaction for LD (lactate to pyruvate): Wacker
- Reverse reaction for LD (pyruvate to lactate): Wroblewski LaDue
A
- Most potent of the estrogens: Estradiol (E2)
- Confirmatory test for acromegaly: Glucose suppression test - OGTT
8
Q
- Cholesterol and triglycerides in hypothyroidism: Increased
- Cholesterol and triglycerides in hyperthyroidism: Decreased
A
- Metabolite of cocaine: Benzoylecgonine
- BMI of obese: ≥ 30 kg/m2
9
Q
- Air displacement pipette: Relies on piston for suction to draw sample into disposable tip; the piston does not come in contact with the liquid
A
- Positive displacement pipette: Operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe; it does not require a different tip for each use
10
Q
- Horizontal centrifuge/swinging bucket centrifuge: Horizontal position in the centrifuge when spinning and a vertical position when the head is not moving
A
- Control that continue to either increase or decrease over a period of 6 consecutive days: Trend
- Six or more consecutive daily values that distribute themselves on one side or either side of mean: Shift
- The smaller the CV: Greater is the precision
11
Q
- Fahey RID technique: Measurement of the diameters of all circles at a set time after initiation of the diffusion process, measurements are made 24 hours (or 18 hours) after addition of samples to the plate, preferable since results are available much sooner
A
- Mancini RID technique: Measurements of the diameters after diffusion has ceased, often requires 2 to 3 days before results are available; provide a more reliable estimation of low levels of antigen
12
Q
- Shaeffer-Fulton stain: demonstration of spores
- Acridine orange: demonstration of nucleic acids
- Fungal elements with acridine orange: fluoresce green (APOLLON)
- Thioglycollate broth boiled for 10 minutes: To drive off oxygen
A
- Todd-Hewitt broth: Selection and enrichment for Streptococcus agalactiae in female genital specimens
- Culture media sterilization: Autoclave sterilization, membrane filtration
- Grade A milk: Bacterial count 75,000 per mL when raw; not to exceed 15,000 bacteria per mL once pasteurized
13
Q
- Positive malonate test: Blue
- Negative malonate test: Green, yellow
A
- Most common pathogen in throat cultures: Group A Streptococcus
- Storage of viral specimens: 4C
- Transport of viral specimens: -70C
14
Q
- Difference of enterovirus from rhinovirus: Enterovirus is acid resistant; Rhinovirus is acid sensitive
- Non-operculated egg with small lateral spine: S. japonicum
- Non-operculated egg with lateral spine: S. mansoni
- Non-operculated egg with terminal spine: S. haematobium
A
- Schistosomal egg recovered in rectal biopsy: S. mansoni, S. japonicum
- Schsitosomule: Cercaria minus tail
- Gay bowel syndrome: G. lamblia
- Unholy 3 (triad of infection): Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris
15
Q
- Nematode parasite with ❤️ to lung migration: Ascaris, Strongyloides, Hookworms
- First intermediate host of D. latum: Copepods
- Second intermediate host of D. latum: Fresh water fish
A
- 15 to 20 tree-like, dichotomous uterine branches: Taenia saginata
- 7 to 12 finger-like or dendritic branches: Taenia solium
- Iodine destroys trophozoites
- Granulomatous encephalitis (GAE): Acanthamoeba
- Synchronized rupture of RBCs every 72 hours: Plasmodium malariae
