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Potato and Egg > (E) 101-200 > Flashcards

(E) 101-200 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Florence test (for choline) - Iodine, potassium iodide (+) Dark brown rhombic crystals
  2. Barbiero’s test (for spermine) - Picric acid, trichloroacetic acid (+) Yellow leaf-shaped crystals
  3. Tuberculous pleuritic: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) 40 U/L or greater
A
  1. Dark green amniotic fluid: Meconium
  2. Dark red brown amniotic fluid: Fetal death
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2
Q
  1. Inserted through the nose: Levin tube
  2. Inserted through the mouth: Rehfuss tube
A
  1. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8
  2. Stool pH in carbohydrate disorders: pH to below 5.5
  3. Calibration of centrifuge: Every 3 months
  4. Disinfection of centrifuge: Weekly basis
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3
Q
  1. In vivo and in vitro anticoagulant (natural anticoagulant)- Heparin
  2. CD 34 – marker for hematopoietic stem cells
  3. Hemoglobin synthesis: Polychromatophilic normoblast to reticulocyte
A
  1. Generates ATP: Embden-Meyerhof pathway
  2. Generates 2,3-DPG: Rapoport-Leubering pathway
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4
Q
  1. Study of antibody structure: Gerald Edelman, Rodney Porter
  2. Antibody diversity: Susumu Tonegawa
A
  1. Papain fragmentation (3 fragments) = 2Fab + Fc
  2. Pepsin fragmentation (2 fragments) = F(ab)2 + Fc’
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5
Q
  1. Natural killer cells: CD 16 and CD56 (NK cells are part of the innate immunity)
  2. Cook carrier of typhoid: Mary Mallon
  3. Most common congenital immunodeficiency: selective IgA deficiency
A
  1. Diluted household bleach prepared daily inactivates HBV: 10 minutes
  2. Diluted household bleach prepared daily inactivates HIV: 2 minutes
  3. Anti-A1 lectin: Dolichos biflorus
  4. Anti-H lectin: Ulex europaeus
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6
Q
  1. Lewis antigens are adsorbed from plasma onto the RBC membrane
  2. Kidd system antibody reactivity is enhanced with enzymes, LISS, and PEG
A
  1. Used to dilute blood components: Isotonic (0.9%) saline or 5% albumin
  2. Preparation of leukopoor RBCs: Centrifugation, filtration, saline-washing
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7
Q
  1. Primary advantage of gel technology: Standardization
  2. Removal of nicks: Honing (heel to toe direction)
  3. Removal of burrs: Stropping (toe to heel direction)
A
  1. Newcomer’s fixative: Nuclear and histochemical fixative
  2. Fixative for tissue photography: Mercurial fixatives
  3. Fixative for small tissue fragments: Picric acid (yellow color to locate tissues easier)
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8
Q
  1. Air-filled lungs may float on fixative: Organ may be covered with several gauze to maintain it under surface
A
  1. Fixation of hollow organs (stomach, intestines): Packed with cotton soaked in fixative or completely opened before being immersed in adequate fixing solution
  2. Decalcification: Done after fixation and before impregnation
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9
Q
  1. Optimum temp for decalcification: Room temperature range 18 to 30C
  2. Decalcifying agent that contains HCl: von Ebner’s (HCl, NaCl, distilled water)
  3. Embedding medium for electron microscopy: Plastic medium
  4. Double embedding (ICEP): Infiltrated with celloidin then embedded with paraffin
A
  1. Barr bodies, XX chromosomes: Most of the nuclei of females exhibit conglomeration of chromatin, demonstrated in the smears from buccal or vaginal mucosa
  2. Administrative investigation: Done by at least 2 members of the board and 1 legal officer
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10
Q
  1. Revocation: Unanimous vote (3 of 3)
  2. Suspension: Majority vote (2 of 3)
  3. STAT, STATIM: Immediately
  4. ASAP: As soon as possible (Henry)
A
  1. HEMATOMA: NEVER PERFORM VENIPUNCTURE through a hematoma. If there is no alternative site, PERFORM THE VENIPUNCTURE DISTAL TO THE HEMATOMA to ensure the collection of free-flowing blood.
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11
Q
  1. VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE: Calibrated to deliver accurately a fixed volume of a DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION, bulb near the center of the pipette
  2. OSTWALD-FOLIN PIPETTES: Used for accurate measurement of VISCOUS FLUIDS, such as blood or serum; similar to volumetric pipettes but have the bulb closer to the delivery tip
A
  1. MOHR PIPETTE: Calibrated between two marks on the stem
  2. SEROLOGIC PIPETTE: Graduated marks down to the tip
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12
Q
  1. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, these COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES change in a predictable manner for each osmole of substance present:

FREEZING POINT IS LOWERED by −1.86°C
VAPOR PRESSURE IS LOWERED by 0.3 mm Hg or torr
OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS INCREASED by a factor of 1.7 × 104 mm Hg or torr
BOILING POINT IS RAISED by 0.52°C

A
  1. SIX SIGMA STEPS (DMAIC)

DEFINE project goal or other deliverable that is critical to quality.
MEASURE baseline performance and related variables.
ANALYZE data using statistics and graphs to identify and quantify root cause.
IMPROVE performance by developing and implementing a solution.
CONTROL factors related to the improvement, verify impact, validate benefits, and monitor over time.

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13
Q
  1. FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL: Best indication of overall glucose homeostasis
A
  1. Over activity of the thyroid gland: Hyperthyroidism causing THYROTOXICOSIS
  2. Underactivity of the thyroid gland: Hypothyroidism causing MYXEDEMA
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14
Q
  1. Highest elevations of ALP: Paget disease
  2. Increased production of cortisol: Cushing’s syndrome
  3. Increased production of aldosterone: Conn’s syndrome
A
  1. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP): Diagnostic tool for HEART FAILURE
  2. PUMPING FIST DURING VENIPUNCTURE: ↑ K+, lactic acid, Ca2+, phosphorus; ↓ pH
  3. TOURNIQUET > 1 MINUTE: ↑ K+, total protein, lactic acid
  4. HEMOLYSIS: ↑ K+, Mg2+, phosphorus, LD, AST, iron, ammonia
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15
Q
  1. Of all the urine sediment elements, RBCs are the most difficult for students to recognize: Reasons for this include RBCs’ lack of characteristic structures, variations in size, and close resemblance to other urine sediment constituents. RBCs are frequently confused with yeast cells, oil droplets, and air bubbles
A
  1. RBC CASTS ARE EASILY DETECTED: UNDER LPO BY THEIR ORANGE-RED COLOR
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16
Q
  1. Crystals are formed by the PRECIPITATION OF URINE SOLUTES, including inorganic salts, organic compounds, and medications (iatrogenic compounds): Precipitation is subject to changes in temperature (solutes precipitate more readily at low temperatures), solute concentration, and pH, which affect solubility
A
  1. SYNOVIAL FLUID NORMAL CELL COUNT: Red blood cell count <2,000 μL; white blood cell count <200 μL
17
Q
  1. HIPPURATE HYDROLYSIS TEST: Most frequently used in the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes
A
  1. D-ZONE TEST: Detects the presence of this CLINDAMYCIN-INDUCIBLE RESISTANCE
18
Q
  1. M PROTEIN BINDS BETA GLOBULIN FACTOR H, a regulatory protein of the alternate complement pathway involved in the degradation of C3b; it also binds to fibrinogen blocking complement alternate pathway activation
A
  1. EHEC/VTEC/STEC: Produces a toxin similar to Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae; SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN
19
Q
  1. UREASE (RAPID): Differentiates Alcaligenes faecalis (urease negative) from Bordetella bronchiseptica (urease positive)
A
  1. ETHANOL SHOCK TECHNIQUE: CLOSTRIDIAL ENDOSPORES may be resistant to ethanol, and after ethyl alcohol treatment, the spores will germinate upon inoculation and proper incubation on anaerobic blood agar in anaerobic conditions
20
Q
  1. SULFUR GRANULES: Diagnostic for an infection with ACTINOMYCES
  2. MEASLES: SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS
A
  1. SCOLEX: Tapeworm specialized structure for attachment
21
Q
  1. LIFESPAN OF TAPEWORMS

H. NANA: Perhaps many years as a result of autoinfection
H. DIMINUTA, D. CANINUM: Usually less than 1 year
D. LATUM, T. SAGINATA, T. SOLIUM: UP TO 25 YEARS

A
  1. G. LAMBLIA: Organism is found most commonly in the crypts in the duodenum; associated with steatorrhea and malabsorption syndrome
  2. MODIFIED AFB: WEAKER DECOLORIZER, DECOLORIZER in modified acid-fast stains is usually 1% sulfuric acid (weak acid) rather than the stronger acid alcohol used in the routine AFB stains.
22
Q
  1. MICROFILARIA

Wuchereria bancrofti: Sheathed, nuclei absent in tail
Brugia malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei
Loa loa: Sheathed, nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail
Onchocerca volvulus: Unsheathed, nuclei absent in tail
Dipetalonema perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail
Mansonella ozzardi: Unsheathed, nuclei absent in tail

A
  1. SITUATION AND APPROPRIATE COURSE OF ACTION

Intravenous (IV) fluid: Use opposite arm or perform fingerstick, if possible; otherwise, have nurse turn off IV for 2 minutes, apply tourniquet below IV, use different vein (if possible). Document location of IV and venipuncture, type of fluid.
FISTULA: Draw from opposite arm.
INDWELLING LINES AND CATHETERS, HEPARIN LOCKS:Usually not drawn by lab. FIRST 5 mL DRAWN SHOULD BE DISCARDED. Lab may draw below heparin lock if nothing is being infused.
SCLEROSED VEINS: Select another site.
HEMATOMA: Draw below.
EDEMA: Select another site.
SCARS, BURNS, TATTOOS: Select another site.
MASTECTOMY: Draw from opposite arm.
UNIDENTIFIED PATIENT: Ask nurse to ID before drawing.

23
Q
  1. COMPELETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC) or HEMOGRAM: Includes enumeration of cellular elements, quantitation of hemoglobin, and statistical analyses that provide a snapshot of cell appearances
A
  1. HEPCIDIN: Hormone produced by hepatocytes to REGULATE BODY IRON LEVELS, particularly absorption of iron in the intestine and release of iron from macrophages
24
Q
  1. MYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO): Detects myelocytic cells by staining cytoplasmic granular contents
  2. SUDAN BLACK B (SBB): Detects myelocytic cells by staining cytoplasmic granular contents
A
  1. PERIODIC ACID–SCHIFF (PAS): Detects lymphocytic cells and certain abnormal erythrocytic cells by staining of cytoplasmic glycogen
25
Q
  1. ESTERASES: Distinguish myelocytic from monocytic maturation stages (several esterase substrates)
  2. TARTRATE-RESISTANT ACID PHOSPHATASE: Detects tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase granules in hairy cell leukemia
A
  1. DENDRITIC CELLS: Most potent phagocytic cell, most effective at antigen presentation
  2. MORTALITY: DEATH resulting from disease
  3. MORBIDITY: State of disease and its associated effects on the host
26
Q
  1. ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS: Produced within the tissue

HEMATOGENOUS (blood-derived): Hemosiderin, hemoglobin, bile pigment and porphyrin
NON-HEMATOGENOUS: melanin, lipofuscin and chromaffin
ENDOGENOUS MINERALS: calcium, iron and copper

A
  1. EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS

Tattoos, asbestos, carbon, silica, iron and silver
CARBON is the most common exogenous pigment (chronic smokers)

27
Q
  1. ARTEFACT PIGMENTS
    FORMALIN: dark brown or black crystal-like precipitates especially in postmortem and blood-containing tissues; removed by saturated alcoholic picric acid
    MERCURY: black, brown or grayish black granules or clumps in tissue; removed with alcoholic iodine solution
    OSMIC ACID: black deposits on tissues which have not been properly washed out; removed by bleaching
    CHROME DEPOSITS: fine brown or black granules; removed with the use of acid alcohol
A
  1. FIRST CLINICAL LABORATORY IN THE PHILIPPINES: MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY at Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila
  2. Formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory: Dr, Pio de Roda, Dr. Mariano Icasiano

Potato and Egg (15 decks)

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