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Potato and Egg > (E) 301-400 > Flashcards

(E) 301-400 Flashcards

1
Q

FACTORS THAT INTERFERE WITH THE VALIDITY OF CLOT-BASED TEST RESULTS
301. BLOOD COLLECTION VOLUME LESS THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM
PT falsely prolonged; recollect specimen.

  1. HEMATOCRIT ≥55%
    Adjust anticoagulant volume using formula and recollect specimen using new anticoagulant volume.
  2. CLOT IN SPECIMEN
    All results are affected unpredictably; recollect specimen.
  3. VISIBLE HEMOLYSIS
    PT falsely shortened; recollect specimen.
A
  1. ICTERUS OR LIPEMIA
    Measure PT using a mechanical coagulometer.
  2. HEPARIN THERAPY
    Use reagent known to be insensitive to heparin or one that includes a heparin neutralizer such as polybrene.
  3. LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT
    PT result is invalid; use chromogenic factor X assay instead of PT.
  4. INCORRECT CALIBRATION, INCORRECT DILUTION OF REAGENTS
    Correct analytical error and repeat test.
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2
Q
  1. Varicella-Zoster Virus
    * Chickenpox and shingles
    * Vaccine important in controlling outbreaks
    * Tzanck stain: Giant cells
A
  1. Cytomegalovirus
    * Isolated from blood, urine, throat
    * In adults: Syndrome similar to mononucleosis, may infect kidney (shed in urine)
    * In immunocompromised: Kidney, eye, lung, often fatal *
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3
Q
  1. Epstein-Barr Virus
    * Heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis (85%)
    * Can produce tumors
    * Not isolated in culture

Serologic diagnosis
* Early antigen
* Viral capsid antigen: IgM and IgG
* Nuclear antigen

A
  1. Parvoviruses
    * Human parvovirus B-19 - erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
    * Infects bone marrow cells (erythrocyte) - Causes aplastic crisis
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4
Q
  1. Cyclospora cayetanensis - AUTOFLUORESCENCE
    * Oocysts in stool are diagnostic, modified acid-fast stain
    * Linked to water-borne and food-borne illness
    * Mild GI symptoms
A
  1. Lice
    * Lice occur worldwide and in all socioeconomic classes
    * Vector for typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), trench fever (Bartonella quintana), and relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis)
    * Spread from human to human
    * Body lice usually on the body and head
    * Crab lice usually in pubic region, spread to the armpits, facial hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes
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5
Q
  1. Mites
    * Sarcoptes scabei is the cause of scabies worldwide
    * Transmitted by contact
    * Organisms burrow into the skin on the webbing side of fingers, later spreading to the wrists, elbows and beyond
A
  1. Bedbugs
    * Cimex lectularius
    * Preferential feeding host is human
    * Nocturnal blood meals
    * Symptoms occur days after bite
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6
Q
  1. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
    * Rare acquired disorder resulting from stem cell mutation in the PIGA gene
    * Cells lack glycoslyphosphatidlyinositol-anchored proteins, including CD55 and CD59
    * RBCs are susceptible to complement lysis, because CD55 and CD59 inhibit complement and are absent, cells may lyse spontaneously
A
  1. Essential Thrombocythemia
    * Characterized by increased platelets and megakaryopoiesis; however, platelets may not function normally
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7
Q
  1. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
    * Mature B-cell disorder with an indolent course
    * CBC shows elevated WBC counts with a predominance of small lymphoid cells, usually with dense, hypermature nuclei and little cytoplasm, and smudge cell are frequently seen
A
  1. Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL)
    * Chronic B-cell neoplasm with lymphocytes showing threadlike or “hairy” projections
    * Flow cytometry is positive for CD19, CD20, CD22, CD11c, CD25, CD103
    * Positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain ○ Hairy lymphocytes may be seen
    * Annexin A1 is the most specific marker for HCL, in addition to being positive for DBA-44
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8
Q
  1. ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS) with frank necrosis of any amount of myocardium is known as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI).
  2. The major clinical use of SERUM AND URINE PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS is to screen for MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES.
A
  1. ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGIES of the chemical reactions that they catalyze, so as to cause greatly enhanced rates of reaction.
  2. Skin at a pH of approximately 5.6: this acid pH keeps most microorganisms from growing.
  3. B lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies to HIV, which can usually be detected in the host’s serum by SIX (6) WEEKS after primary infection.
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9
Q
  1. The most commonly used disinfectant is a 1:10 dilution of SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (HOUSEHOLD BLEACH) prepared weekly and stored in a plastic, not a glass, bottle.
A
  1. CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE should be considered a cause of diarrhea in patients on antibiotic therapy or hospitalized for more than 3 days.
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10
Q
  1. ACTINOBACILLUS SPP. cause GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE IN ANIMALS and have been associated with soft tissue infection in humans following animal bites.
A
  1. ACTINOBACILLUS SPP. are short to very short gram-negative bacilli. They occur singly, in pairs, and in chains, and they tend to exhibit bipolar staining. This staining morphology gives the overall appearance of the DOTS AND DASHES OF MORSE CODE.
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11
Q
  1. TOXOPLASMA GONDII: Oocysts survive in the environment for several months to more than 1 year and are resistant to disinfectants, freezing, and drying. However, they are killed by heating to 70° C for 10 minutes.
A
  1. Disease caused by Naegleria fowleri can be severe and life-threatening (PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS[PAM])
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12
Q
  1. Chronic GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ENCEPHALITIS(GAE) can be caused by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris; keratitis is also caused by these organisms, and infection can be linked to blindness or severe corneal damage.
A
  1. BASKET NUCLEUS: Iodamoeba bütschlii
  2. CALIBRATION is the comparison of an instrument measurement or reading to a known physical constant.
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13
Q
  1. BLOOD ALCOHOL (% w/v)
    0.01 to 0.05: no obvious impairment, some changes observable on performance testing
    0.03 to 0.12: mild euphoria, decreased inhibitions, some impairment of motor skills
    0.09 to 0.25: decreased inhibitions, loss of critical judgment, memory impairment, diminished reaction time
    0.18 to 0.30: mental confusion, dizziness, strongly impaired motor skills (staggering, slurred speech)
    0.27 to 0.40: unable to stand or walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness
    0.35 to 0.50: coma and possible death
A
  1. Gastric juice is obtained by insertion of gastric tube into the stomach
    REHFUSS TUBE – through the mouth
    LEVIN TUBE – through the nose
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14
Q
  1. GRAVES’ DISEASE (HYPER): anti-TSH receptor antibodies (anti-TSHR)
A
  1. HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS (HYPO): anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO, microsomal), anti-thyroglobulin
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15
Q
  1. Most laboratory errors occur in the preanalytic and postanalytic stages. Six Sigma and Lean are tools that can be used to reduce laboratory errors and increase productivity.
A
  1. Effective laboratory management requires leaders to provide direction and managers to get things done. Strategic planning, marketing, human resource management, and quality management are all key elements of a laboratory organization.
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16
Q
  1. ACCURACY describes how close a test result is to the true value.
  2. PRECISION describes how close the test results are to one another when repeated analyses of the same material are performed.
  3. STANDARDS are highly purified substances of a known composition.
  4. CONTROL (noun) represents a specimen with a known value that is similar in composition, for example, to the patient’s blood.
A
  1. QUALITY CONTROL is a process that monitors the accuracy and reproducibility of results through the use of control specimens.
  2. CALIBRATION is the comparison of an instrument measure or reading to a known physical constant.
17
Q
  1. Any brightfield microscope may be CONVERTED TO A DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE by use of a SPECIAL DARKFIELD CONDENSER in place of the usual condenser.
A
  1. The PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE is basically a brightfield microscope with changes in the OBJECTIVE and the CONDENSER.
  2. To convert a brightfield microscope to a POLARIZING one requires TWO FILTERS.
18
Q
  1. The most sensitive method for detecting C. TRACHOMATIS is NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION.
A
  1. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROSCOPY, which involves separation and identification of compounds in the gas phase from their mass/charge ratios and fragmentation patterns, is the “gold standard” for detection and quantitation of drugs in body fluids.
19
Q
  1. TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY, OR PREECLAMPSIA, is characterized by HYPERTENSIONand PROTEINURIA, and consequently can be monitored by urine protein measurements.
A
  1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND OSMOLALITY MEASUREMENTS REFLECT THE CONCENTRATING ABILITY OF THE KIDNEYS. After a period of dehydration, the osmolality should be three to four times that of plasma.
20
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3 is the CENTRAL CONVERGENCE POINT for all complement activation pathways.
A
  1. HBV may be stable in dried blood and blood products at 25°C for up to 7 days.
  2. HIV retains infectivity for more than 3 days in dried specimens at room temperature and for more than 1 week in an aqueous environment at room temperature.
21
Q
  1. Two main functions of the serologic crossmatch test can be cited:

It is a final check of ABO compatibility between donor and patient.

It may detect the presence of an antibody in the patient’s serum that will react with antigens on the donor RBCs but that was not detected in antibody screening because the corresponding antigen was lacking from the screening cells.

A
  1. CONTACT PRECAUTIONS are designed to stop the spread of microorganisms via direct contact, such as skin-to-skin contact and indirect contact, which is usually the result of a person making contact with a contaminated inanimate object.
22
Q
  1. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS are designed to provide protection from extremely tiny airborne bacteria or dust particles, which may be suspended in the air for an extended period.
A
  1. DROPLET PRECAUTIONS protect health care workers, visitors, and other patients from droplets, which may be expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking
23
Q
  1. DEGREE OF HAZARD:
    4: extreme hazard
    3: serious hazard
    2: moderate hazard
    1: slight hazard
    0: no or minimal hazard
A
  1. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, these COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES change in a predictable manner for each osmole of substance present:

FREEZING POINT IS LOWERED by −1.86°C
VAPOR PRESSURE IS LOWERED by 0.3 mm Hg or torr
OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS INCREASED by a factor of 1.7 × 104 mm Hg or torr
BOILING POINT IS RAISED by 0.52°C

24
Q
  1. RANDOM ERROR: error that is INCONSISTENT and whose source cannot be definitely identified
  2. SYSTEMATIC ERROR: error that is introduced into a test system and is not a random occurrence
A
  1. Increased production of cortisol: CUSHING’S SYNDROME
  2. Increased production of aldosterone: CONN’S SYNDROME
25
Q
  1. B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (BNP): Diagnostic tool for HEART FAILURE
  2. UROBILINOGEN (COLORLESS): less than 1 mg/dL or Ehrlich unit is normally found in the urine
A
  1. HIPPURATE HYDROLYSIS TEST: most frequently used in the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes
  2. D-ZONE TEST: Detects the presence of this CLINDAMYCIN-INDUCIBLE RESISTANCE
26
Q
  1. GIARDIA LAMBLIA: Organism is found most commonly in the crypts in the duodenum; associated with steatorrhea and malabsorption syndrome
  2. HEPCIDIN: Hormone produced by hepatocytes to REGULATE BODY IRON LEVELS, particularly absorption of iron in the intestine and release of iron from macrophages
A
  1. ISOTYPE: UNIQUE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE that is common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species
  2. ALLOTYPE: minor variation of sequences that are present in some individuals but not others
  3. IDIOTYPE: variable portions of each chain unique to a specific antibody molecule
27
Q
  1. SYMPTOM: Some evidence of a disease that is experienced or perceived by the patient - something that is subjective. Examples are ache or pain, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), blurred vision, nausea, dizziness, itching, and chills.
A
  1. SIGN: Some type of objective evidence of a disease. For example, while palpating a patient, a physician might discover a lump or an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) or spleen (splenomegaly). Other signs of disease include abnormal heart or breath sounds, blood pressure, pulse rate, and laboratory results as well as abnormalities that appear on radiographs, ultrasound studies, or computed tomography scans.
28
Q
  1. JAUNDICE
    JAUNDICE OR ICTERUS IS A PHYSICAL SIGN characterized by a yellow appearance of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera caused by bilirubin deposition
    Usually apparent clinically when the plasma bilirubin concentration reaches 2 to 3 mg/dL
A
  1. Dilution: indication of RELATIVE CONCENTRATION
  2. Ratio: amount of something in proportion to an amount of something else; always describes a relative amount
29
Q
  1. Concentration: amount of solute in a given volume of solution
  2. Osmolarity: number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution
A
  1. Molarity: gram-molecular mass or weight of a compound per liter of solution
  2. Normality: number of equivalent weights per liter of solution
30
Q
  1. MOST BASIC PIPET: GLASS PIPETTE
  2. Most routinely used pipette: AUTOMATIC PIPETTE
  3. Cleaning of glassware: SULFURIC ACID-DICHROMATE MIXTURE
A
  1. CRITERIA FOR A GOOD STANDARD CURVE
    Line is straight
    Line connects all points
    Line goes through the origin, or intersect, of the two axes
31
Q
  1. MODIFIED ALLEN TEST: to determine whether the ulnar artery can provide collateral circulation to the hand after the radial artery puncture.
A
  1. VON GIERKE DISEASE or Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency type 1 (1a): MOST COMMON CONGENITAL FORM OF GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE; associated with hyperlipidemia

Potato and Egg (15 decks)

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