Dz: Ch.1&2 - Disease/Abnormalities

Question 1

The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Concerns the causative factors in a disease

Answer 2

Etiology

Question 3

What is seen when the body can’t compensate changes anymore?

Answer 3

signs and symptoms

Question 4

What are signs & symptoms?

Answer 4

objective indicators of disease, subjective feelings

Question 5

Mechanisms that cause disease

Answer 5

Diet, Germs, Genes, proteins

Question 6

Pathology

Answer 6

causes and development of abnormal conditions, as well as structural and functional changes that result from the disease process

Question 7

Inflammation

Answer 7

Bodies response to injury

Promotes healing, allows homeostasis to occur

Question 8

Inflammatory Response

Answer 8

Initial damage > mast cells, and platelets release chemical mediators of inflammationInitial vasoconstriction > histamine released >blood vessels become permeable> causes redness and edema to occur2ndstage: blood vessels become congested >clotting occurs

Question 9

(2) Classifications of inflammation

Answer 9

Transudate- Watery fluid

Exudate- Water, protein, cells of inflammation

Question 10

First & Second Intention wound healing

Answer 10

1st- healing of clinical or surgical wound or skin penetrating injury (3-6wks to heal)2nd- Delayed healing of surgical wound or healing of a nonsurgical wound (up to 18mo to heal)

Question 11

Phases of 2nd intention wound healing

Answer 11

Proliferative (form of granulation tissue)
Granulation tissueOrganization (fibrin placed)
Scar tissue
Remodeling of scar tissue (maturation)

Question 12

Wound healing complications

Answer 12

Adhesions - form contractors =
LOF
Dehiscence - wound opens up

Question 13

Pressure Ulcers and causes

Answer 13

Occurs when constant pressure over boney prominence - 1hr of constant pressureShearing - frictionMaceration - skin being too moist

Question 14

T Lymphocytes

Answer 14

form in bone marrow then mature in thymus-types: helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells

Question 15

B Lymphocytes

Answer 15

develop and mature in marrow

produce antibodies

Question 16

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Answer 16

Type 1: immediate (anaphylactic reaction) -Asthma, Anaphylaxis, Allergic Rhinitis
Type 2: produce antibodies (react with antigens against own tissue)
-Autoimmune Disease, blood trans, HDN
Type 3: immune complex reaction
Type 4:delayed response: cell mediated

Question 17

Vectors

Answer 17

Insects/Parasites that carry disease

Question 18

MRSA

Answer 18

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 19

Virus

Answer 19

Need a living host to survive and reproduceDo not respond to antibiotics

Question 20

Fungi

Answer 20

Mold or yeast (requries mostiure)

Tinea: fungus invades superficial layers of skin

Question 21

Coccidioides Immitis: AKA?

Answer 21

Valley Fever

Question 22

Incubation period

Answer 22

time period between contact with the infection and when symptoms appear

Question 23

Resident Flora

Answer 23

“normal flora” in many areas of the bodylung, bladder, stomach - not normal areas

Question 24

Benign vs. Malignant Tumors

Answer 24

Benign: cells are similar, slow growth, encapsulated, localized, systemic effects usually not present, not life threatening Malignat- cells varied, rapid growth, no capsule, metastasize, systemic effects often present, life threatening

Question 25

Tumor Grades

Answer 25

Grade1: resemble normal cells, slow growth, less aggressive
Grade 2: moderately differentiated
Grade 3&4: very different, grow rapid

Question 26

Tumor Stages

Answer 26

Based on size (primary tumor), extent (involvement of lymph nodes), spread (invasion or metastasis)

Question 27

Radiation & Chemo side effects

Answer 27

Radiation: skin inflamed, fatigue, depression, fibrosis
Chemo: vomiting, intestinal problems

Question 28

Inherited Genetic Disorders

Answer 28

Single Gene- autosomal recessive (same gene from each parent)/dominent (from one parent) disorders, X-linked disorders
Chromosomal disorders

Question 29

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 29

Autosomal Recessive
Abnormally thick mucus
Affects lungs/pancreas

Question 30

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 30

Autosomal Dominant Atrophy of the brain

Question 31

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 31

X-linked recessive
Degeneration of muscle (replaced with fat)
Carriers: females, Affects: males
S/S: Very thick LE, toe walk, waddling gait
- Gowers Maneuver: difficulty standing
upright (brace with UE)

Question 32

Down Syndrome

Answer 32

Chromosome Abnormality Trisomy 21 - cause mental retardationPT Int: hyptonia, lax lig, neuro/motor development

Question 33

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 33

X-linked

Affects: males - mental retardation

Question 34

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 34

(+1) X-chromo
Affects: males - long limbs/short body, small testes
MI: testosterone

Question 35

Turner Syndrome

Answer 35

Lack of X-chromo
S/S: short stature, no secondary sex characteristics, limit ovary fxn
Tx: estrogen

Question 36

Cerebral Palsy

Answer 36

Uni/bilateral- low/high m tone

Motor deficit - depends on what part of brain

Question 37

Erb’s Palsy

Answer 37

Paralysis of UE - traction injury during injury”waiters tip”

PT Int: e-stim, aquatherapy, prevent contractions

Question 38

Stages of Pressure Ulcers

Answer 38

1 - warm skin temp, pain/itching
2- blisters
3-full thickness skin breakdown, necrosis begins, ulcer
4- necrosis to all living tissue