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ANS 432: Poultry Systems and Management > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the digestive system of poultry referred to as?

A

Very simple but efficient.

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2
Q

Why is the avian digestive system simple?

A

To allow for flight, as a simpler digestive system is lighter.

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3
Q

What kind of diet do fowl need?

A

High quality and easily digestible.

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4
Q

What is the digestive system responsible for?

A
  1. Ingestion of food.
  2. Breakdown of food into its constituent nutrients.
  3. Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
  4. Elimination of waste.
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5
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

A long, tube-like organ that starts at the beak and ends at the cloaca.

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6
Q

What are the orientations of the muscles surrounding the alimentary canal?

A

Longitudinal and perpendicular.

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7
Q

What is the inside of the alimentary canal lined with?

A

Mucous membranes.

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8
Q

What happens after food in the alimentary canal has been digested?

A

It is absorbed through the walls and into the circulatory system to be transported to the liver or other parts of the body.

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9
Q

What happens to the remaining waste after absorption?

A

It is eliminated via the cloaca.

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10
Q

What is the beak?

A

An area of horny and dense skin lying over the mandible and incisive bones.

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11
Q

What is the egg tooth?

A

A keratinous point that allows newly hatched chicks to escape

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12
Q

How long does the egg tooth last?

A

24-48 hours.

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13
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

A long, narrow median slit that forms the roof of the mouth and communicates with the nasal cavity.

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14
Q

What does the hard palate have 5 transverse rows of?

A

Backwards pointing, hard, conical papillae.

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15
Q

The ducts of what glands pierce the hard palate?

A

The salivary glands.

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16
Q

What kind of tissue covers the free surface of salivary glands?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium.

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17
Q

What do the salivary glands of the hard palate merge to form?

A

One mass of glandular tissue.

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18
Q

Where are the palatine salivary glands located?

A

One either side of the nasal opening in the roof of the mouth.

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19
Q

What are the 7 salivary glands?

A
  1. Maxillary.
  2. Palatine.
  3. Apheno-pteryoid.
  4. Posterior sub-mandibular.
  5. Lingual.
  6. Circo-arytenoid.
  7. Anterior sub-mandibular.
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20
Q

Where are the maxillary salivary glands located?

A

The roof of the mouth.

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21
Q

Where are the apheno-pteryoid salivary glands located?

A

In the roof of the pharynx on each side of the common opening for the eustachian tubes.

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22
Q

Where are the anterior sub-mandibular salivary glands located?

A

In the angle formed by the upper and lower beak.

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23
Q

Where are the posterior sub-mandibular salivary glands located?

A

In the angle formed by the upper and lower beak.

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24
Q

Where are the circo-arytenoid salivary glands located?

A

Around the glottis.

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25
Q

Where are the lingual salivary glands located?

A

In the tongue.

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26
Q

What structure is continuous with and follows the mouth?

A

The pharynx.

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27
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

The mouth + the pharynx.

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28
Q

What is the tongue in poultry described as?

A
  1. Pointed.
  2. Long.
  3. Conformed to the shape of the beak.
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29
Q

What is the epithelium of the tongue described as?

A
  1. Horny.
  2. Thick.
    *Especially towards the tip.
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30
Q

What is located on the posterior end of the tongue?

A

A transverse row of large, simple, rear-facing, horny papillae.

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31
Q

What bone provides the framework for the tongue?

A

The hyoid bone.

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32
Q

In what plane does the entoglossal bone extend?

A

Longitudinally in the median plane.

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33
Q

Which directions are the mucous glands of the tongue pointed?

A

Rearward.

34
Q

How strong is a bird’s sense of taste?

A

Very weak if present at all.

35
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the mouth?

A
  1. Pick up food.
  2. Direct food in to the esophagus.
36
Q

What is the esophagus capable of?

A

Significant stretching.
*Is already wide.

37
Q

What is the esophagus in close association with?

A

The trachea.

38
Q

How many layers of tissue compose the wall of the esophagus?

A

4.

39
Q

What is the innermost layer of the esophageal wall composed of?

A

Mucous membrane.

40
Q

What is the mucous membrane a barrier against?

A

Microbes.

41
Q

What does the mucus act?

A

A lubricant that aids in the passage of food.

42
Q

What does the esophagus connect the mouth to?

A

The crop.

43
Q

What is the crop?

A

A large dilation of the esophagus.

44
Q

Where is the crop located?

A

Just before the esophagus enters the thoracic cavity.

45
Q

What is the function of the crop?

A

Hold food before further digestion, allowing for periodic feeding but continuous digestion.

46
Q

Are there glands in the crop in chickens?

A

No.
*Ducks and geese do.

47
Q

What is unique about pigeons?

A

Surface cells in the crop slough off during brooding, forming pigeon milk.

48
Q

After the crop, what structure does the esophagus enter/become?

A

The proventriculus/glandular stomach.

49
Q

How is the proventriculus described?

A
  1. Small.
  2. Tubular.
  3. Thick-walled.
50
Q

How many layers compose the wall of the proventriculus?

A

5.

51
Q

What are the 5 layers that compose the five layers?

A
  1. Outer serous membrane.
  2. Muscle layer composed of:
    a. Areolar tissue containing blood and lymph vessels.
    b. Thick layer composed mainly of glandular tissue.
    c. Mucous membrane.
52
Q

What forms the greater part of the thickness of the proventriculus?

A

Glands.

53
Q

What do the proventriculus glands produce?

A

Enzymes for breaking down food into its constituent nutrients.

54
Q

What does the mucous membrane in the proventriculus look-like?

A

Raised folds that contains glands that secrete HCL.

55
Q

What is the function of HCL?

A

To neutralize the alkaline coating on the food from the saliva.

56
Q

What is located directly after the proventriculus?

A

The muscular stomach or gizzard.

57
Q

What is the gizzard described as?

A
  1. Flattened.
  2. Round shape.
  3. Convex lens-like.
  4. One side is slightly larger than the other.
58
Q

What is the gizzard covered by?

A

Tendinous tissue that thins at the edges.

59
Q

What kind of tissue is found underneath the tendinous tissue?

A

Very powerful red muscle.

60
Q

What is the inner surface of the gizzard described as?

A
  1. Creamy-colored.
  2. Horny with raised ridges.
  3. Thick.
61
Q

What does the gizzard sometimes contain?

A

Hard objects that aid in the disintegration of food.

62
Q

What is the innermost layer of tissue that forms the gizzard wall described as?

A
  1. Strong.
  2. Flexible.
    *Able to withstand the presence of the hard objects and the mechanical breakdown of food.
63
Q

What kind of substance do glands in the gizzard produce?

A

A liquid form of keratinized material that continuously replaces the innermost lining of the gizzard due to wear and damage.

64
Q

Where does the small intestine begin and end?

A

Start: The exit from the gizzard.
End: The ceca/colon.
*Constant diameter the entire way.

65
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum (easily distinguishable in fowl).
  2. Jejunum.
  3. Ileum.
66
Q

What are 3 functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Site of much of food absorption.
  2. Produce a number of enzymes involved in the digestion process.
  3. Site of much of food digestion.
67
Q

Why does the small intestine take on a velvety appearance when submerged in water?

A

Due to the presence of villi.

68
Q

What are villi?

A

Long, flattened, fingerlike projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine.

69
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

To increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing for more efficient absorption. Also improves nutrient collection ability once it has moved through the small intestine wall.

70
Q

What type of cells are villi?

A

Simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells.

71
Q

What is the primary function of goblet cells?

A

To secrete mucus.

72
Q

What is found at the core of each villi?

A
  1. Lacteal (lymph vessels).
  2. Bundles of plain muscle.
  3. Capillaries.
  4. Nerves.
  5. Other.
73
Q

What is the name of the membrane that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the dorsal wall of the abdomen?

A

The mesentery.

74
Q

What does the mesentery contain?

A

Blood vessels associated with the intestine.

75
Q

Where does the duodenum begin?

A

At the exit of the gizzard.

76
Q

What shape does the duodenum form?

A

A loop.

77
Q

What lies in the center of the loop formed by the duodenum?

A

The pancreas.

78
Q

What things enter the small intestine via a common papilla at the caudal end of the duodenum?

A
  1. Bile ducts.
  2. 2-3 pancreatic ducts.
79
Q

What is different about the the villi in the jejunum and ileum?

A

They are shorter.

80
Q

What is Meckel’s Diverticulum?

A

A small projection halfway along the small intestine that is a remnant of where the yolk sac was attached.

81
Q
A

ANS 432: Poultry Systems and Management (4 decks)

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