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Sp15 - Anatomy Exam 2 > Diaphragm, Kidneys, and Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Diaphragm, Kidneys, and Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Fat and Fascia surrounding the kidneys (superficial to deep)

A

Transversalis fascia and peritoneum
Renal fascia - paranephric fat
Renal capsule - paranephric fat

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2
Q

Fibrous capsule of the kidney

A

The outermost layer of the kidney

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3
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer 1/3 of the kidney

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4
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner 2/3 of the kidney

Contains the Pyramids

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5
Q

Renal Papillae

A

Receive the apex of the pyramids

Sending urine to the calyces

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6
Q

Minor Calyces

A

Collect from the papillae and send to the major calyces

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7
Q

Major Calyces

A

Collect from the minor calyces and send to the renal pelvis

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8
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

Collect from the Major calyces and send to the ureter

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9
Q

Ureter

A

Send urine to the bladder

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10
Q

Kidney Position

A

Lateral to the vertebral column at the T12-13 level

Superior poles are uneven

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11
Q

Where are the superior poles of the kidneys

A

L = 11th rib
R = 12th rib
Right is more inferior because of the liver

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12
Q

Kidney drainage

A

Papilale -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra

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13
Q

Renal arteris

A

Right renal artery is longer, because the aorta is closer to the left kidney
R renal artery passes IVC posteriorly
Renal arteries divide into 5 segmental arteries at each hilum to supply the different lobes of the kidney

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14
Q

Renal veins

A

L is longer, because the IVC is closer to the right

L passes anterior to the aorta

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15
Q

Course of the Ureters

A

Leave the hilum of kidney
Cross Psoas major m anteriorly and enters the bladder
Runs medial and obliquely posterior to gonadal vessels
Anterior to the External Iliac artery

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16
Q

What the possible Variations of the ureters?

A

Bifid renal pelvis

Retrocaval ureters

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17
Q

Bifid renal pelvis

A

Multiple ureters

Farily common variation of ureters

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18
Q

Retrocaval ureters

A

R ureter wraps around the IVC

Occasional, but rare

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19
Q

Ureter vasculature

A 
Arteries arise from 3-4 sources
Renal artery
Testicular or Ovarian arteries (gonadal arteries)
Internal iliac artery
Drains into similarly named veins
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20
Q

What is an intravenous urogram?

A

Patient is injected with iodinated contrast medium
Media are excreted by glomerular filtration and renal tubules
Allows fro visualization of the ureters and bladder

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21
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Form in kidney and progress to the renal pelvis
May spontaneously pass through ureter into bladder
Usually causes considerable pain
Stones >1cm may need to be removed surgically
May be subjected to ultrasonic crushing

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22
Q

Referred pain in kidney stones

A

Rhythmic waves of referred pain
Caused by contractions to move the stone down the ureters
Referred pain starts in the lower back
Pain moves around the side and toward the groin as stone progresses (T11-12)

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23
Q

Left Adrenal Gland

A

More semilunar
Lies superomedially to left kidney
Looks like it’s sliding off the top to the hilum

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24
Q

Right Adrenal Gland

A

Roughly triangular

Superiorly to right kidney

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25
Q

Adrenal gland structure

A

Fibrous capsule surround the adrenal cortex, which surrounds the medulla

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26
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Produces adrenal steroids

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27
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Acts as a sympathetic ganglion

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28
Q

What are the suprarenal arteries

A

Richly Vascularized
Superior suprarenal arteries
Middle suprarenal arteries
Inferior suprarenal arteries

29
Q

Superior Suprarenal arteries

A

6-8 branches

From inferior phrenic arteries

30
Q

Middle suprarenal arteries

A

1+ branch(es)

From abdominal aorta

31
Q

Inferior Suprarenal arteries

A

1+ branch(es)

From renal artery

32
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

33
Q

What are the three openings of the diaphragm?

A

Vena cava foramen
Esophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus

34
Q

Vena cava foramen

A

Opening in the diaphragm
Where the IVC and Phrenic nerve travel through
At the T8 level

35
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Where the esophagus enters

at T10 level

36
Q

Aortic hiatus

A

Where aorta travels through
At T12 level
2 long cruca on either side
-L1-3 and intervertebral disc attachments
-posterior-inferior attachment of the diaphargm

37
Q

What innervated the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

  • goes through the Vena cava foramen with the IVC
  • arises from C3-5
38
Q

What can happen from a cervical spinal cord injury?

A

The phrenic nerve can be damaged, leading to paralysis of diaphragmatic respiration; more specifically inhalation, because diaphragm constriction causes inhalation.

39
Q

What are the muscles on the posterior abdominal wall?

A 
Diaphragm
Transversus abdominus
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Iliacus
40
Q

Vasculature of the Posterior Abdominal wall

A

Lumbar arteries
-4 paris on the lateral aspects of the aorta (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th)
-superior to the bifurcation
Drains via the IVC

41
Q

What are the nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A 
Subcostal n
Iliohypogastric n
Ilioinguinal n
Genitofemoral n
Lateral femoral cutaneous n
Femoral n
Lumbosacral trunk
42
Q

Subcostal n. level

A

T12

43
Q

Subcostal n motor supply

A 
External Oblique m
Internal Oblique m
Pyramidalis m
Rectus abdominus m
Quadratus lumborum m
44
Q

Subcostal n sensory supply

A

Anterior/lateral abdominal wall

45
Q

Subcostal n course

A

Emerge from 1 cm inferior to 12th rib

46
Q

Iliohypogastric n level

A

L1

47
Q

Iliohypogastric n motor supply

A

abdominal muscles

48
Q

Iliohypogastric n sensory supply

A

Skin of suprapubic

Abdominal muscles

49
Q

Iliohypogastric n course

A

Common trunk with ilioinguinal just inferior to medial arcurate ligament

50
Q

Ilioinguinal n level

A

L1

51
Q

Ilioinguinal n motor supply

A

Abdominal muscles

52
Q

Ilioinguinal n sensory supply

A

Inguinal canal

Abdominal muscles

53
Q

Ilioinguinal n course

A

Common trunk with iliohypogastric, just inferior to medial arcurate ligament

54
Q

Genitofemoral n level

A

L1-L2

55
Q

Genitofemoral n motor supply

A

Cremaster muscle

56
Q

Genitofemoral n sensory supply

A

Skin inferior and medial to inguinal ligament

57
Q

Genitofemoral n course

A

Pierces the Psoas major muscle, descends anteriorly and splits into genital and femoral branches

58
Q

Lateral cutaneous femoral n level

A

L2-L3

59
Q

Lateral cutaneous femoral n motor supply

A

none

60
Q

Lateral cutaneous femoral n sensory supply

A

anterior/lateral skin of the thigh

61
Q

Lateral cutaneous femoral n course

A

Descends anterior to iliacus muscle and passes deep to the deep inguinal ring inferior to ASIS

62
Q

Femoral n level

A

L2-L4

63
Q

Femoral n motor supply

A

Anterior thigh

64
Q

Femoral n sensory supply

A

Anterior thigh

65
Q

Femoral n course

A

Between iliacus m and Psoas major muscle inferiorly through the obturator foramen

66
Q

Lumbosacral trunk level

A

L4-L5

67
Q

Lumbosacral trunk supply

A

Provides general contributions to lumbar-sacral plexus

68
Q

Lumbosacral trunk course

A

Trunk crosses over the ala of the sacrum, and descends into the pelvis to form the sacral plexus

Sp15 - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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