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Sp15 - Anatomy Exam 2 > Development of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Development of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

When does lateral and caudal folding occur?

A

Week 4

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2
Q

How does body folding play a role in forming the primordial gut?

A

During folding, endoderm from the dorsal portion of the yolksac is incorporated into the embryo as the innermost lining of the gut tube (epithelial lining and glands of the GI tract)

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3
Q

Vitelline duct

A

Connection of the midgut to the yolksac

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the Foregut?

A

Rostal - Oropharyngeal membrane

Caudal - Rostral edge of the Vitelline duct

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5
Q

What is the arterial supply for the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

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6
Q

What are the boundaries for the midgut?

A

Rostral - Rostral edge of Vitelline duct

Caudal - Caudal edge of Vitelline duct

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply for the mdigut

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

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8
Q

What are the boundaries for the hindgut?

A

Rostral - Caudal edge of the Vitelline duct

Caudal - Cloacal membrane

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9
Q

What is the arterial supply for the hundgut?

A

Inferior Mesenteric artery

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10
Q

What does the endoderm contribute to the GI tract?

A

Epithelial lining

Glands of the GI tract

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11
Q

What does the Mesoderm (splanchnic) contribute to the GI tract?

A

Smooth muscles and connective tissue of the GI tract (includes peritoneum and mesenteries)

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12
Q

What does the Neural Crest (ectoderm) contribute to the GI tract?

A

Enteric nervous system

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13
Q

What is the result for nerual crest cells failing to migrate to the GI tract?

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease

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14
Q

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A

Aganglionic portion severly constricts

Bowels distend proximal to constriction, causing no peristalsis. This leads to sever constipation and failure to thrive

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity (parietal) and organs (visceral)

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16
Q

Mesentary

A

Double layer of peritoneum that suspends organs from the body wall
Connective tissue, vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are located here

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17
Q

What does the Greater Omentum develop from?

A

From the dorsal mesogastirum

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18
Q

What does the Lesser Omentum develop from?

A

From the ventral mesogastrium

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19
Q

What does the Falciform ligament develop from?

A

From the ventral mesogastrium

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20
Q

How does the lower respiratory tract arise?

A

At week 4, a respiratory diverticulum appears on the ventral side of the forgeut (becomes the trachea, lungs, and respiratory tree)
It separates from the esophagus by pinching of membrane on lateral intersection of diverticulum/esophagus

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21
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula

A

A hole form trachea to esophagus

If tracheoesophageal ridges fail to fuse together to form a septum

22
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

Localized absence of esophageal lumen due to poor recanalization of epithelial plug
Superior esophagus becomes a dead-end pouch, leading to polyhydraminos

23
Q

Polyhydraminos

A

Excess of amniotic fluid in amniotic cavity

24
Q

How does the dorsal mesogastrium change with growth and rotation of the stomach and duodenum?

A

The dorsal mesogastrium is carried to the patient’s left as the stomach rotates

25
Q

Omental bursa

A

Recess between the stomach and posterior abdominal wall

26
Q

Right vagus nerve innervation of the stomach

A

Dorsal stomach (greater curvature)

27
Q

Left vagus nerve innervation fo the stomach

A

Ventral stomach (lesser curvature)

28
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

A birth defect where the pylorus is narrowed by excessive smooth muscle constriction - leading to the inability to digest, causing hardcore projectile vomiting

29
Q

How would you fix a pyloric stenosis

A

Surgical intervention 2-5 weeks after birth to mechanically open the pylorus

30
Q

How would vomit of pyloric stenosis compare to that of an infant with duodenal atresia?

A

Bile duct is located in the duodenum, so duodenal atresia vomitus contains bile causing it to look green-ish

31
Q

Development of Liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts

A

Hepatic diverticulum of distal foregut

Emerges ventrally from endoderm in week 4, grows superiorly toward septum transversarium

32
Q

Development of Pancreas

A

Forms from the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds
Dorsal bud connects to duodenum directly
Ventral bud is connected to the bile duct
As the duodenum rotates, the ventral bud swings around clockwise under the dorsal bud, then fuse

33
Q

How does an annular pancreas develop?

A

The ventral bud can sometimes be 2 lobes instead of 1
Multiple ventral lobes can wra around in separate directions and end up hugging the dupdenum and obstructing it
One lobe goes clockwise, the other counter clockwise

34
Q

What structure serves as the aaxis of rotation for the midgut?

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

35
Q

What is the normal rotation of the midgut?

A

2 rotations:
1st (week 6): 90 degrees CCW
2nd (week 10): 180 degrees CCW
(net of 90 degrees CW)

36
Q

What does normal rotation of the midgut lead to?

A

Ascending and descending colons being secondarily peritoneal

37
Q

What is nonrotation of the midgut?

A

The first rotation occurs, but the second does not

The colon is on the left side only

38
Q

What is reverse rotation of the midgut?

A

The first rotation occurs normally, but the second rotation occurs clockwise
Duodenum is now ventral to transverse colon

39
Q

What are the 2 types of umbilical herniation?

A

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

40
Q

When does an omphalocele occur?

A

Week 10

41
Q

When does a Gastrochisis occur?

A

Week 4

42
Q

Describe an Omphalocoele

A

Heniation of GI organs
Medially placed herniated umbilicus
Outpouched peritoneum

43
Q

Describe a Gastrochisis

A

Herniation of GI organs

Laterally placed herniated abdominal wall, no overlying tissue

44
Q

Which umbilical herniation is larger?

A

Omphalocoele

45
Q

What is recanilization in normal gut formation?

A

Intestines become occluded by epithelial cells (epithelial plug) at week 8
The plug recanalizes via vacuole formation by the end of week 8

46
Q

What are vacuoles role in the recanalization of the epithelial plug?

A

The vacuoles connect to make a hollow, yet rough endoderm

47
Q

Stenosis

A

Insufficient recanalization of epilithelial plug

48
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

Remnant of Vitelline duct

An outpouching of the ileum 40-60 cm from ileocecal juncation

49
Q

What are some complications of Meckel’s Diverticulum?

A

May contain pancreatic tissue or gastric mucosa that secretes acid, causing bleeding and ulcers

50
Q

Urorectal Septum

A

Physical barrier between primitive urogenital sinus and hindgut
Grows inferiorly toward cloacal membrane, dividing it into urogenital and anal membranes, and partitioning the urogenital sinus and anorectal canal

Sp15 - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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