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PARASITOLOGY > DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES (STOOL AND BLOOD) > Flashcards

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES (STOOL AND BLOOD) Flashcards

1
Q

clearance period of antacids, antidiarrheals, barium, bismuth, laxatives (leaves crystalline residues)

A

7-10 days

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2
Q

clearance period of antimicrobial agents (decrease the number of protozoans)

A

2-3 weeks

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3
Q

clearance period of gallbladder dyes

A

3 weeks

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4
Q

sufficient quantity of stool for routine O & P (Oval and Parasite)

A

2-5 um (thumbsize/3-5 tablespoon)

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5
Q

possible contaminants of stool

A

soil, water, urine

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6
Q

true or false:

place the specimen in a dry, clean, leak proof, tupperware

A

dry, clean, leak proof, waxed container with a screw cap (1/2 pint)

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7
Q

what should the label of the container include?

A

patient’s name, age, sex, date, and time of collection

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8
Q

number of specimens examined

A

3 specimens collected in different days within 10 days

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9
Q

purpose of 3 specimens collected in different days within 10 days

A

to recover parasites that shed diagnostic form intermittently

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10
Q

maximum time between collection and examination of liquid specimens

A

30 mins after collection

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11
Q

maximum time between collection and examination of soft/semi-formed specimens

A

1 hour

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12
Q

maximum time between collection and examination of formed specimens

A

up to 24 hours

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13
Q

what should not be done with the stool specimen

A
  • leave at room temp
  • incubate
  • freeze
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14
Q

beyond one hour, stool must be ______ for up to 24 hrs

A

refrigerated

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15
Q

what should be done for longer periods of preservation

A

2 vial system (10% formalin and PVA/Polyvinyl Alcohoi)

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16
Q

ratio of stool to preservative

A

1:3

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17
Q

all purpose fixative

A

10% formalin

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18
Q

used to fix and stain

A

merthiolate-iodine formalin

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19
Q

can be used for permanent stains

A

sodium acetate acetic acid formalin

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20
Q

contain mercuric chloride

A

Schaudinn’s fluid & Polyvinyl alcohol

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21
Q

toxic to man

A

mercuric chloride

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22
Q

Schaudinn’s fluid with PVA

A

Polyvinyl Alchohol

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23
Q

contain zinc sulfate/copper sulfate

A

modified PVA

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24
Q

can be used for molecular testing

A

Modified PVA

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25
Q

formalin based preservative

A
  • 10% formalin
  • Merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF)
  • Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin (SAF)
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26
Q

PVA preservative

A
  • Schaudinn’s fluid
  • Polyvinyl alcohol
  • Modified alcohol
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27
Q

purpose of 2 vials of stool spx is needed

A

for formalin based and PVA preservative

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28
Q

tests that use 10% formalin

A
  • Wet mount
  • Concentration Technique
  • Immunoassay
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29
Q

tests that use Merthiolate iodine formalin

A
  • Wet Mount
  • Concentration technique
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30
Q

tests that use sodium acetate acetic acid

A
  • Wet Mount
  • Concentration technique
  • Permanent stain
  • Immunoassay
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31
Q

tests that use Schaudinn’s fluid

A

permanent stain

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32
Q

tests that use Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

A

permanent stain

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33
Q

tests that use modified PVA

A

permanent stain

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34
Q

true or false

Permanent stain usually uses PVA

A

TRUE

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35
Q

lateral flow assay/immunochromatographic assay is used for coproantigens of:

A
  • G. lamblia
  • E. histolytica
  • C. parvum
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36
Q

cysts are present the highest in ____

A

formed stool

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37
Q

trophozoites are present the highest in ________

A

watery stools

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38
Q

mixture of cyst and trophozoites are present in _____

A

soft and loose stool

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39
Q

true or false

the drier the stool, the higher the amount of trophozoite

A

false; the drier the stool, the higher the amount of cysts

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40
Q

normal color of stool

A

brown

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41
Q

brown color of stool is due to

A

urobilin/stercobilin

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42
Q

black/tarry discoloration of stool is due to

A

upper GI tract bleeding

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43
Q

mucoid and bloody stool is due to

A

dysentery

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44
Q

normal consistency of the stool

A

soft to well-formed

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45
Q

consistency gives clues on _______ present in abundance

A

parasite (protozoans) stage

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46
Q

consistency determines sensitivity of ________

A

egg counting techniques

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47
Q

macroscopic structures

A

adult worms, scolices, proglottids

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48
Q

necessary for identification of solium and saginata

A

gravid proglottids

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49
Q

microscopic examination for O&P examination

A
  • Wet Mount
  • Concentration technique
  • Permanent stain
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50
Q

has poor sensitivity and prone to false negative

A

wet mount

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51
Q

wet mount aka

A

direct fecal smear

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52
Q

wet mount preparation

A

~ 2 mg of stool an a drop of 0.85% saline (NSS)

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53
Q

useful in detection of motile protozoans trophozoites, helminth eggs, and larvae

A

wet mount/direct fecal smear

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54
Q

wet mount may be stained by ________ to enhance the visibility of nuclear structures in protozoal cysts and aid in detecting glycogen inclusions

A

iodine (lugol’s & D’ Antoni’s)

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55
Q

use _____________ for trophozoites

A

Mair’s Buffered Methylene Blue

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56
Q

sedimentation procedures

A
  • formalin ether (or ethyl acetate) concentration technique
  • acid-ether concentration technique (AECT)
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57
Q

fixative for formalin ether concentration technique

A

formaline

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58
Q

used to remove fats in formalin ether concentration technique

A

ether/ethyl acetate

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59
Q

can be used for specimens preserved in formalin, MIF, SAF

A

formalin ether (ethyl acetate) concentration technique

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60
Q

formalin ether (ethyl acetate) concentration technique is efficient in recovering most ________ and __________ including ______

A

protozoan cysts; helminths eggs and larvae; operculated eggs

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61
Q

formalin ether (ethyl acetate) concentration technique is moderately effective to

A

schistosome eggs

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62
Q

true or false

formalin ether (ethyl acetate) concentration technique has more distortion of protozoal cysts compared to zinc sulfate floatation

A

false

  • it has less distortion
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63
Q

this removes/precipitates albuminous/mucoidal substances in AECT

A

40% HCl

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64
Q

example of albuminous/mucoidal substance that is removed or precipitated by 40% HCl

A

proteins

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65
Q

AECT is recommended for

A
  • animal parasites
  • Trichuris
  • Capillaria
  • Schistosoma eggs
66
Q

loss of parasite to the plug of debris and possible destruction of protozoan cysts is due to ________

A

acidity of medium

67
Q

top to bottom of the tube in sedimentation techniques

A
  1. Ether/Ethyl Acetate (TOP)
  2. plug of debris
  3. sedimentation medium (formalin/hydrochloric acid)
  4. sediment (parasites) (BOTTOM)
68
Q

where is the parasite located in sedimentation technique?

A

sediments

69
Q

sedimentation medium

A

formalin/hydrochloric acid

70
Q

which is decanted in sedimentation technique

A

ether/ethyl acetate, plug of debris, sedimentation medium

71
Q

what should be done to loosen the plug of debris

A

wring the stick

72
Q

Flotation procedures

A
  • zinc sulfate flotation
  • brine’s flotation
  • sheather’s flotation
73
Q

Zinc Sulfate Flotation is not used in ff

A
  • operculated eggs
  • heavy eggs/larvae
  • thin shelled eggs (hookworm eggs)
74
Q

SG for 33% ZnSO4 for processing fresh feces in Zinc Sulfate flotation

A

1.18

75
Q

SG is adjusted to ___ if specimen is formalinized

A

1.2

76
Q

Zinc Sulfate flotation is unreliable for the recovery of the ff:

A
  • nematode larvae
  • infertile eggs of Ascaris
  • eggs of Taenia
  • eggs of Schistosomes
  • Cestode and Trematode eggs
77
Q

if thin shelled eggs are put into hypertonic solution it will _____, causing ____ SG

A

shrink; increased

78
Q

Brine’s flotation uses __________ with a SG of 1.2

A

saturated salt solution

79
Q

is centrifugation required for Brine’s flotation

A

no

80
Q

brine’s flotation is not applicable for the following

A

operculated and thin shelled eggs

81
Q

Sheather’s flotaion uses ___________

A

boiled sugar solution preserved with phenol

82
Q

Sheather’s flotation is preferred to use for concentrating _____

A

coccidian oocysts

83
Q

SG for Sheather’s flotation

A

1.25 - 1.27

84
Q

SG of medium (<,>,=) SG of parasite

A

> (parasite will float)

85
Q

stains used in permanent staining

A
  • iron hematoxylin
  • wheatley’s trichrome
  • modified trichrome
  • modified acid-fast stain
86
Q

more commonly used in permanent staining

A

iron hematoxylin and Wheatley’s trichrome

87
Q

shades of gray-blue to black w/ pertinent nuclear structures in darker shades

A

iron hematoxylin

88
Q

cytoplasm color in Wheatley’s trichrome

A

blue green

89
Q

color of nucleus, cytoplasmic inclusions, Charcot Leyden crystals in Wheatley’s trichrome

A

red/red purple

90
Q

10x the Wheatley’s Trichrome dye content

A

modified trichrome

91
Q

color of microsporidians in Modified Trichrome

A

pink to red

92
Q

weaker acid decolorizer

A

modified acid-fast stain

93
Q

used in modifies acid fast stain

A

1-3% HsSO4 (Sulfuric Acid)

94
Q

is used to demonstrate Cryptosporidium, Cytoisospora, Cyclospora oocysts

A

modified acid-fast stain

95
Q

acid fast variables

A

Cytoisospora and Cyclospora

96
Q

artifact that resembles mature Entamoeba histolytica cysts

A

Neutrophil

97
Q

macrophage, squamous, and columnar epithelial cells resembles:

A

amebic trophozoites

98
Q

yeast, fungal conidia, mushroom spores, diatoms

A

Protozoan cysts or helminth eggs

99
Q

mite eggs resemble

A

hookworm

100
Q

what differentiate mite eggs from hookworms eggs

A

4-8 packets

101
Q

pollen grains

A

Taenia and Ascaris eggs

102
Q

what differentiates pollen grains from Taenia eggs

A

Taenia eggs have 6 hooklets inside

103
Q

amount of stool used in Kato thick smear

A

~50-60 mg

104
Q

contents of the mixture where cellophane is soaked

A

glycerin and malachite green

105
Q

clearing agent used in kato thick smear

A

glycerin

106
Q

provides green background

A

malachite green

107
Q

process of kato thick smearn

A

~50-60 mg of stool is placed over a glass slide and covered with cellophane that has been soaked in a mixture of glycerin and malachite green

108
Q

useful in mass stool examination and surveilance studies

A

kato thick smear

109
Q

useful for assessing worm burden and monitoring the efficacy of antihelminthics especially in cases of soil transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis

A

egg counting techniques

110
Q

STH

A

Soil Transmitted Helminths

111
Q

technique that does not dry out easily

A

kato thick smear

112
Q

modification of the kato thick smear which uses a measured amount of stool which has been sieved through a wire mesh

A

kato katz

113
Q

formula for kato katz

A

eggs per gram feces (epg) = number of eggs counted x factor (depends on template used)

114
Q

standard template from CDC

A

1.5 mm thick with a 6 mm hole

115
Q

amount of feces delivered and factor in 1.5 mm thick with a 6 mm hole template

A

41.7 mg; factor 24

116
Q

amount of feces delivered and factor in 1mm thick with a 9mm hole

A

50 mg; 20

117
Q

amount of feces delivered and factor in 0.5 mm thick with a 6.5 mm hole

A

20 mg; 20

118
Q

makes use of calibrated flask and stoll pipettes

A

stoll dilution

119
Q

diluent used in stoll dilution

A

0.1 normal sodium hydroxide

120
Q

saponifying agent

A

0.1 normal sodium hydroxide

121
Q

used to determine severity of Schistosoma infection

A

Faust Maloney egg hatching technique

122
Q

Faust Maloney egg hatching technique involves counting of _______

A

Schistosoma miracidia

123
Q

uses moistened soil or granulated charcoal

A

copro culture

124
Q

larvae is harvested using _____ in copro culture

A

Baerman technique

125
Q

involves applying positive stool to a filter paper strip and placing it into a test tube with distilled water

A

harada-mori or test tube culture method

126
Q

days and temp harada mori is done (ewan HAHA)

A

10 days at 25-30 degree Celsius

127
Q

used to detect eggs of E. vermicularis

A

perianal swab

128
Q

best time to collect specimen for E. vermicularis

A

Early morning before bath

129
Q

what is added to improve visualization of eggs

A

xylene/toluene

130
Q

for the diagnosis of amoebiasis (E. histolytica infection)

A

Sigmoidoscopy

131
Q

also known as scotch tape/cellulose tape method

A

perianal swab

132
Q

entero test is useful for the recovery of the ff

A
  • G. lamblia
  • C. parvum
  • S. stercoralis
  • rhabditiform larva in stool
133
Q

true or false

eggs of S. stercoralis is seen in feces

A

false; it is never seen in feces

134
Q

other terms for entero test

A

duodenal capsule test , string test

135
Q

contact time of entero test

A

4 hrs

136
Q

collected material must be analyzed within

A

1 hr

137
Q

preferred specimen especially for malaria to avoid distortion of parasite morphology

A

fresh, non anticoagulated

138
Q

non anticoagulated blood

A

directly from skin/capillary puncture

139
Q

anticoagulated blood must be delivered to the laboratory within ___ and must be processed within ____

A

30 mins; 1hr

140
Q

preferred time of collection for patient with malaria

A

before the next anticipated fever spike (theoretically; in reality, at the height of fever)

141
Q

preferred time of collection for filariasis

A

depends on the periodicity

142
Q

preferred time of collection for elephantiasis (W. bancrofti)

A

nocurnal periodicity (10pm to 2am)

143
Q

gold standard for malaria

A

examination of stained smears

144
Q

uses 2-3 drops of blood which are mixed to form a circular smear

A

thick blood smear

145
Q

used to dehemoglobinize the blood before making thick blood smear

A

distilled water

146
Q

used for rapid diagnosis or screening of malaria and for demonstrating trypomastigote and microfilariae

A

thick blood smear

147
Q

prepared in a way that the smear is thick at one end, thin and feathery at the other end

A

thin blood smear

148
Q

used for species identification

A

thin blood smear

149
Q

thick smear

A

2-3 drops (6uL); 1.5 cm diameter

150
Q

thin smear

A

1 drop (2-3 uL)

151
Q

stain recommended for detection and identification of blood parasites; buffer pH: 7-7.2

A

giemsa stain

152
Q

best stain to use for blood parasites

A

giemsa stain

153
Q

allows visualization of stipplings

A

giemsa stain

154
Q

not optimal for blood parasites; buffer pH: <6.8

A

wright’s stain

155
Q

used to demonstrate the detailed structures of microfilariae

A

delafield hematoxylin

156
Q

delafield hematoxylin requires dehemoglobinization of thick films with ________

A

2% formalin in 1% acetic acid

157
Q

romanowsky stains

A

giemsa stain and wright’s stain

158
Q

blood smears are stained with acridine orange

A

kawamoto technique

159
Q

color of nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic RNA in kawamoto technique

A

nuclear DNA: green
cytoplasmic RNA: red

160
Q

STAT specimen for Parasitology

A

CSF and blood specimen for Malaria

PARASITOLOGY (25 decks)

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