Diabetes 4 Flashcards
Early type 2 treatment?
V strict diet (800 calories) has shown to put type 2 into remission
Advancements in insulin knowledge?
Can synthesise diff types depending on what is needed–> basal and fast acting
Basal insulin?
(slow acting) insulin that is injected in advance to ensure there isn’t much fluctuation
Fast acting insulin?
after a meal to lower high BGC levels
What do most people who have diabetes die from?
Comorbidities
3 categories of complications resulting from diabetes?
Metabolic complications, microvascular complications, macrovascular complications
Metabolic complications?
Diabetic coma, diabetes ketoacidosis, AGE products (advanced glycosylation end)
Microvascular complications?
Retina (Retinopathy)
Kidney (Nephropathy)
Nerves (Neuropathy)
Macrovascular complications?
Brain (Stroke)
Heart (Coronary vascular disease – CVD)
Legs and feet (Peripheral vascular disease, gangrene, amputations)
Most important thing to avoid diabetic complications?
Early diagnosis
Proportion of people who have a complication w/ eyes, feet, kidneys or nerves b4 they are diagnosed w/ type 2?
1/3
Proportion of people who are asymptomatic at time of type 2 diagnosis?
6/10
Metabolic complications of diabetes?
Hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia,
Hypoglycemia diabetes complication causes?
Not eating enough sugary food
Taking too much insulin therapy
Doing too much exercise, without controlling the blood glucose levels and adjusting the insulin injections.
Consequences of hypoglycaemia?
Coma–> not enough glucose to the brain
Why may type 1 diabetics get hypoglycemia at night?
lower metabolic demand leads to lower hepatic gluconeogenesis–> hypoglycaemia
Treatments of hypoglycaemia?
Glucagon injection
Sugary drinks
Continuous glucose monitors
Causes of hyperglycaemia?
Eating too much sugary food/drinking alcohol
Not complying with insulin therapy
No exercise
Consequences of hyperglycaemia?
Diabetic ketoacidosis, Advanced glycation end products, osmotic dehydration
Consequence of osmotic dehydration?
Depletes electrolytes in blood which leads to hyperosmosis of the blood
What happens as a result of hyperosmolarity?
Withdraws fluids from cells into extracellular media
What does hyperglycemia cause in the kidneys?
The renal threshold to be reached
What happens when the renal threshold is reached?
Kidneys start secreting glucose
What do adipocytes do due to a lack of insulin?
Unrestrained lipolysis–> releases free fatty acids (FFAs), which go to the liver
