Diabetes 3 Flashcards
Common symptoms between type 1 and 2?
Polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, fatigue
Type 2 symptoms?
Obesity, blurred vision, slow healing infections, impotence in men
Difference in appetite for type 1 and 2?
Type 1 loses weight despite appetite, type 2 gains it
Ways to diagnose diabetes?
Fasting glucose test
Oral glucose tolerance test
A1C levels
Fasting glucose test?
blood glucose levels after an overnight fast.
OGTT?
Measure FG levels then ingest 75g of glucose and measure the glucose levels 2h later.
A1C levels?
Measures average BGC over 2-3 months.
Relies on a non-enzymatic conjugation of glucose to haemoglobin if glucose levels are elevated
Glycosylation is a v good indication of hyperglycaemia
What does A1C test measure?
Levels of glycosylated haemoglobin
Normal level of glycosylated haemoglobin?
Less than 5%
Increased level of glycosylated haemoglobin?
Over 6.5%
Do the tests tell you which type of diabetes you have?
no
At what time post glucose intake does a non-diabetics BGC peak?
Between 30 mins and an hour
Diabetic’s OGTT results?
Higher and more sustained peak than non-diabetics
What is the renal threshold?
value of glucose above which the kidneys cannot absorb any more glucose
What occurs when the renal threshold is reached?
Glucose starts being excreted via the urine
How is the HbA1C test done?
Antibodies to the glycosylated haemoglobin are used and run on a gel
How can an OGTT be used to predict patient outcomes?
Different shaped curves are observed–>these can be used predictively
Different OGTT curves?
Biphasic, monophasic, constant increase
Biphasic OGTT curve?
“normal curve”–> better outcome
Insulin OGTT curves?
Appear similar to the glucose curves, may be more pronounced
What ic C-peptide?
A polypeptide that is cleaved before insulin matures
How can C peptide be used?
Has the same conc of insulin, but is not degraded by the liver (like insulin is)
Can be used to see if the pancreatic beta cells are producing enough insulin
Autoantibody targets that are tested for type 1 diagnosis?
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, islet cells, insulin and zinc transporter 8
How many antibodies are needed for type 1 diagnosis?
2
Why is early diagnosis of type 1?
Glucose lowering drugs are prescribed which can preserve what is left of the beta cells of the pancreas
General treatments for type 1?
Dietary changes, immunotherapies to prevent t lymphocytes, insulin injection
Treatment for severe cases of type 1?
Beta cell (not v successful) or pancreas transplant
General type 2 treatments?
Dietary and exercise change, glucose lowering drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors, insulin injections
Glucose lowering drugs?
metformin, thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone)
Role of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Inhibits glucose reabsorption by the kidneys
Why is glucose reabsorption blocked as a type 2 diabetes treatment?
It reabsorbs glucose from the urine, so less reabsorption will lower hyperglycemia
