Diabetes 2 Flashcards
Difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence = total number
Incidence = rate (i.e. peryear)
Prevalence of diabetes worldwide?
537 million (1/10)
Diabetes trend over the last 20 yrs?
Gradual increase–> epidemic
Where diabetes increasing most?
Low and middle income countries–> poorer health services
International diabetes foundation aims?
Educating about how to look for signs of diabetes
Age of people with diabetes in low and middle income countries?
Younger–> working age
What proportion of people w/ diebetes are undiagnosed?
1/2 (240milion)
Importance of diagnosing prediabetes stage?
Can make lifestyle changes that prevent progression to type 2, and instead reverse it
Cause of death of most people with diabetes?
Cardiovascular disease
Main reason for metabolic diseases costing a lot?
They are chronic–> long lasting
Proportion of UK residents having diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed)?
1/12
Diabetes % of NHS expenditure?
10%
Cause of type 1?
Beta cells destruction by the body’s own immune system, T-lymphocytes
Genetic predisposition of type 1?
Moderate–> twin w/ type 1 increases risk by 50%
Non genetic causes of type 1?
ENvironmental–> viral infection
Infants feeding practises –> can protect from it
Viral infection cause of type 1?
Some viruses have similar antigens to those on the beta cells of the pancreas
Cause of type 2?
Insulin resistance of the peripheral organ – inability to respond to physiological levels of insulin.
Genetic predisposition of type 2?
strong (identical twin with Type 2 diabetes increases the risk by 70 to 90 %).
Difficulty with identifying genes for type 2?
Polygenic, and diff genes are triggered at diff times
Environmental factors for type 2?
obesity and lack of exercise, high blood pressure, high cholesterol.
Phased of type II?
I, II, III
Phase I of type 2?
Pre-diabetes–> obesity, normal glucose levels and compensatory hyperinsulinemia
Phase II of type 2?
Strong insulin resistance with hyperglycemia, compensatory hyperinsulinemia
Phase III of type 2?
Hyperglycemia with insulin resistance, hypoinsulinemia with gradual loss of function of the beta cells
Why is increased levels of insulin an indicator of type 2 prediabetes?
Body is producing more insulin to compensate for the reduction in insulin responsiveness
Type 1 symptoms?
Polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, coma, ketonuria
What is polydypsia?
Increased thirst
What is polyuria?
Increased urination
What is type 1 weight loss in spite of?
Increased appetite
How is type 1 first noticed in childeren?
Episode or koma or ketoacidosis
Cause of ketoacidosis?
Lower levels of insulin in the blood–> causes build up of ketones in the blood
What can a build up of ketones in the blood cause?
Acidification of the blood
