Diabetes 2 Flashcards
Different levels of blood glucose in body
Normoglycemia - normal blood glucose
Hypoglycaemia - low blood glucose
Hyperglycaemia - above blood glucose levels
What is an autoimmune disease?
An autoimmune disease is when the body attacks its cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, the cells never grow back
What do people with T1 and T2 do to manage their diabetes?
100% of people with T1 take insulin as cells in their body that would produce it are completely destroyed so need it to survive
90% of people with T2 take diabetes medication
30% of people with T2 also take insulin
What are types of drugs that can help with diabetes management?
Drugs can stimulate the pancreas to work harder (increase output of insulin), increase cell sensitivity to insulin and can lower the renal threshold (peeing out more sugar, doesn’t go into cells hence less excess fat, increase urinary tract infections)
Anti-obesity drugs are not just diabetes drugs, mostly weight loss drugs, in NZ anti-obesity drug is funded for people with T2
Insulin can be exogenously produced and is injected
What are insulin pumps?
Insulin pumps deliver set amounts of insulin into the body to lower blood glucose levels, instead of injecting yourself manually it has an infusion patch that will infuse insulin for you
What are insulin sensors?
Sensors are continuous glucose monitors that read the glucose concentration every 5-15 minutes, can stay for up to two weeks
How is energy intake related to diabetes?
Risk of diabetes with increasing BMI therefore advice to prevent and manage diabetes is if overweight or obese, reduce energy intake
How are macronutrients, specifically carbohydrates, related to diabetes?
Carbohydrates raise blood glucose and is the primary macronutrient for diabetes management
Over 70% of carbohydrate for total energy increases mortality rate, trials at decreasing carbohydrates don’t improve outcomes as people will increase their fat intake which is worse for their health
Sugars associated with increased body weight, fibre associated with decreased mortality, CVD, CHD, T2 and cholesterol, starch are neutral
Are Micronutrients and Antioxidants related to diabetes?
Not really one of the bigger issues with diabetes prevention and management
How are food and food groups related to diabetes?
Foods are made up of macronutrients, advised to consume less processed foods and minimise consumption of red and processed meats, sodium, sugary beverages and refined grains
Dietary patterns and Lifestyle context in relation to diabetes
Mediterranean, Nordic and vegetarian dietary patten improves diabetes management/reduces risk
Meal combinations (e.g. sugar with protein), meal times (e.g. not eating after 7pm), exercise after eating (e.g. walking after eating)
