Diabetes

Question 1

Can Diabetes be Prevented

Answer 1

T1 no
T2 yes

Question 2

% of those with Diabetes that have T1

Answer 2

10%

Question 3

% of those with Diabetes that have T2

Answer 3

90%

Question 4

What age does T1 mainly occur

Answer 4

children (7-9yrs) but can be at any age

Question 5

What age does T2 mainly occur

Answer 5

adults (30-40yrs), but increasing number of children and teenagers being diagnosed.

Question 6

What body parts are used in Blood Glucose Regulation (5)

Answer 6

Liver
Pancreas
Muscle
Adipose
Blood Vessel

Question 7

Process of Glucose in a ‘normal’ person (5 steps)

Answer 7

1. When we consume carbohydrates glucose enters our blood stream
2. when glucose conc in our blood increases the pancreas is release insulin as a response, insulin is released by islet beta cells into the blood stream
3. the liver, adipose and our muscles all have insulin receptors which causes translocation of glucose to the surface of cells.
4. the glucose and insulin is then taken into these cells, allowing the glucose conc in the blood to decrease.
5. it takes around 2 hours for the blood to reach its normal glucose levels again.

Question 8

Process of Glucose in someone with T1

Answer 8

T1 is when the body attacks the beta islet cells the produce insulin. This means that when they consume glucose, and there is a high conc in their blood, that little to no insulin is produced.

so the glucose stays in the blood stream, and as as there is no insulin in the blood this means the insulin receptors are not intaking glucose into the muscles, adipose and liver, so these cells/organs don’t get the energy they need.

therefore the blood conc of glucose remains high

Question 9

Process of Glucose in someone with T2/Insulin Resistance

Answer 9

This is when we have a high conc of glucose in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream.

However, the insulin receptors stop responding to insulin properly.

Therefore insulin will continue to be produced, as the pancreas is still detecting a high conc of glucose in the blood.

Then Hepatic Gluconeogenesis occurs in response to the defective insulin response. This means that the liver will release stored glucose into the blood stream, for the cells/organs to get their energy.

Eventually the beta cells atrophy and insulin productions starts to slow or stops producing it.

Question 10

What is Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

Answer 10

occurs in response to the defective insulin response. This means that the liver will release stored glucose into the blood stream, for the cells/organs to get their energy.

Question 11

What Happens when you have to much glucose in your blood?

Answer 11

the glucose will travel to your kidneys causing osmotic diuresis and polyuria (increase amount of urine), which leads to dehydration and polydipsia and polyphagia (hunger)

Question 12

Polyuria

Answer 12

increased amount absorbed to pee and increased excess in urine

Question 13

Polydipsia

Answer 13

excessive thirst

Question 14

Polyagia

Answer 14

increase in appetite, as the brain needs more glucose to be delivered to it.

Question 15

How can you diagnose T2

Answer 15

Glycated Hemoglobin
higher conc of glucose in blood/big spikes

Question 16

NZ Glycated Hemoglobin

Answer 16

50+ diabetes
-40 unlikely

these are higher than the rest of world which means that we would have less amount of people diagnosed with diabetes.

Question 17

% of NZ with T2

Answer 17

5-7%

Question 18

% of NZ with Pre Diabetes

Answer 18

20%

Question 19

Long Term Impacts of Diabetes (5)

Answer 19

Blindness
Stroke
CVD
Kidney Failure
Amputation

Question 20

Risk Factors of T2 Diabetes (3)

Answer 20

High BMI
Family History
CVD

Question 21

BMI and T2

Answer 21

as BMI increases so does the risk of T2

Question 22

4 Ways to decrease the risk of T2

Answer 22

Reduce energy intake
increase PA
increase fibre intake
reduce sat/total fat intake

Question 23

T2 and PA (4)

Answer 23

• decreases risk by 28-63%
• 60 min per day to decrease risk
  muscle contraction causes
• translocation of glut 4 without insulin
• exercise increased insulin sensitivity in muscles

Question 24

Hypoglycaemia

Answer 24

abnormally low levels of glucose in the bloodstream
caused by to much insulin

Question 25

Normoglycaemeia

Answer 25

the ideal range of glucose in the blood and should be maintained for our life functions to occur

Question 26

Hyperglycaemia

Answer 26

(type 2 diabetes)
to high levels of glucose in the blood

Question 27

Cost of Diabetes

Answer 27

even though T1 has sensors, pumps and insulin, which cost more since so little people have it compared to T2, it is cheaper to fund then T2 (has no medication)

Question 28

T1 Treatment

Answer 28

medication (pumps, sensors and insulin), food choice and PA

Question 29

T2 Treatment

Answer 29

Food choice and PA (and medication)

Question 30

How Many T1 and T2 take insulin

Answer 30

T1 = 100%
T2 = 90%

Question 31

Diabetes Drugs (4)

Answer 31

• make pancreas work harder to make more insulin
• increase cell sensitivity to insulin
• increase amount of glucose excreted in urine
• weight loss drugs

Question 32

Insulin Invented (2)

Answer 32

Invented in 1921 on a dog
1923 first patient use in NZ

Question 33

2 Diabetes Devices

Answer 33

pumps, sensors, if they are used correctly then one will be no different to a ‘normal’ person. they are funded

Question 34

Pumps

Answer 34

deliver insulin to the body by themself after you calc how much insulin you need

Question 35

Sensors

Answer 35

glucose monitor of conc

Question 36

Diet (4)

Answer 36

Energy Intake
Macronutrients (carbs)
Eat minimally processed, whole grain and fruit and veges
Lifestyle