Diabetes Flashcards
Can Diabetes be Prevented
T1 no
T2 yes
% of those with Diabetes that have T1
10%
% of those with Diabetes that have T2
90%
What age does T1 mainly occur
children (7-9yrs) but can be at any age
What age does T2 mainly occur
adults (30-40yrs), but increasing number of children and teenagers being diagnosed.
What body parts are used in Blood Glucose Regulation (5)
Liver
Pancreas
Muscle
Adipose
Blood Vessel
Process of Glucose in a ‘normal’ person (5 steps)
- When we consume carbohydrates glucose enters our blood stream
- when glucose conc in our blood increases the pancreas is release insulin as a response, insulin is released by islet beta cells into the blood stream
- the liver, adipose and our muscles all have insulin receptors which causes translocation of glucose to the surface of cells.
- the glucose and insulin is then taken into these cells, allowing the glucose conc in the blood to decrease.
- it takes around 2 hours for the blood to reach its normal glucose levels again.
Process of Glucose in someone with T1
T1 is when the body attacks the beta islet cells the produce insulin. This means that when they consume glucose, and there is a high conc in their blood, that little to no insulin is produced.
so the glucose stays in the blood stream, and as as there is no insulin in the blood this means the insulin receptors are not intaking glucose into the muscles, adipose and liver, so these cells/organs don’t get the energy they need.
therefore the blood conc of glucose remains high
Process of Glucose in someone with T2/Insulin Resistance
This is when we have a high conc of glucose in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream.
However, the insulin receptors stop responding to insulin properly.
Therefore insulin will continue to be produced, as the pancreas is still detecting a high conc of glucose in the blood.
Then Hepatic Gluconeogenesis occurs in response to the defective insulin response. This means that the liver will release stored glucose into the blood stream, for the cells/organs to get their energy.
Eventually the beta cells atrophy and insulin productions starts to slow or stops producing it.
What is Hepatic Gluconeogenesis
occurs in response to the defective insulin response. This means that the liver will release stored glucose into the blood stream, for the cells/organs to get their energy.
What Happens when you have to much glucose in your blood?
the glucose will travel to your kidneys causing osmotic diuresis and polyuria (increase amount of urine), which leads to dehydration and polydipsia and polyphagia (hunger)
Polyuria
increased amount absorbed to pee and increased excess in urine
Polydipsia
excessive thirst
Polyagia
increase in appetite, as the brain needs more glucose to be delivered to it.
How can you diagnose T2
Glycated Hemoglobin
higher conc of glucose in blood/big spikes
NZ Glycated Hemoglobin
50+ diabetes
-40 unlikely
these are higher than the rest of world which means that we would have less amount of people diagnosed with diabetes.
% of NZ with T2
5-7%
% of NZ with Pre Diabetes
20%
Long Term Impacts of Diabetes (5)
Blindness
Stroke
CVD
Kidney Failure
Amputation
Risk Factors of T2 Diabetes (3)
High BMI
Family History
CVD
BMI and T2
as BMI increases so does the risk of T2
4 Ways to decrease the risk of T2
Reduce energy intake
increase PA
increase fibre intake
reduce sat/total fat intake
T2 and PA (4)
- decreases risk by 28-63%
- 60 min per day to decrease risk
muscle contraction causes - translocation of glut 4 without insulin
- exercise increased insulin sensitivity in muscles
Hypoglycaemia
abnormally low levels of glucose in the bloodstream
caused by to much insulin
Normoglycaemeia
the ideal range of glucose in the blood and should be maintained for our life functions to occur
Hyperglycaemia
(type 2 diabetes)
to high levels of glucose in the blood
Cost of Diabetes
even though T1 has sensors, pumps and insulin, which cost more since so little people have it compared to T2, it is cheaper to fund then T2 (has no medication)
T1 Treatment
medication (pumps, sensors and insulin), food choice and PA
T2 Treatment
Food choice and PA (and medication)
How Many T1 and T2 take insulin
T1 = 100%
T2 = 90%
Diabetes Drugs (4)
- make pancreas work harder to make more insulin
- increase cell sensitivity to insulin
- increase amount of glucose excreted in urine
- weight loss drugs
Insulin Invented (2)
Invented in 1921 on a dog
1923 first patient use in NZ
2 Diabetes Devices
pumps, sensors, if they are used correctly then one will be no different to a ‘normal’ person. they are funded
Pumps
deliver insulin to the body by themself after you calc how much insulin you need
Sensors
glucose monitor of conc
Diet (4)
Energy Intake
Macronutrients (carbs)
Eat minimally processed, whole grain and fruit and veges
Lifestyle
