Diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

High level of sugar in blood

Sweet urine

Question 2

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 2

Polyuria

Non sweet urine

Question 3

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

No insulin production by body

Question 4

Type 1 diabetes occur generally before age …

Answer 4

40

Question 5

Proportion of type 1 diabetes in diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

5-15%

Question 6

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

Not enough insulin produced
Or
Insulin resistance ( does not properly work )

Question 7

Most common association to Diabetes type 2

Answer 7

Obesity

Question 8

Proportion of diabetes type 2 in diabetes lellitis

Answer 8

85-95%

Question 9

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 9

Arises during pregnancy

Question 10

3 types of complications of diabetes

Answer 10

Metabolic complication (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia)

Damage to smalll blood vessels which can affect organs (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy)

Damage to larger arteries causing damage ( brain stroke, heart coronary disease , leg and feet

Question 11

Why is it thought that the number of due to diabetes is strongly underestimated

Answer 11

Because cause of death given is other diseases caused by diabetes

Question 12

Risk factor to diabetes

Answer 12

Familial history 
Obesity 
Over 45yeara
Ethnic groups 
Gestational diabetes 
Delivering baby heavier than 9pounds
High blood pressure e
High cholesterol 
Lack exercise

Question 13

Normal function of insulin

Answer 13

Make receptors available to glucose to bind to be transported into cell

Question 14

Normal blood glucose level

Answer 14

4-8mmol/L

Fasting blood glucose 6mmol

Question 15

Symptoms of diabetes type 1

Answer 15

Polyuria 
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss 
Nausea
Vomiting fatigue 
Coma

Question 16

2 cores of diabetes type 2

Answer 16

Insulin resistance

B cell dysfunction

Question 17

Proportion of patient in type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance

Answer 17

83%

Question 18

Insulin resistance cardiovascular risk factors

Answer 18

Hyperglycemia 
Dyslipidemia 
Hypertension 
Damage to blood vessels 
Clotting abnormalities 
Inflammation 

All lead to atherosclerosis

Question 19

Reasons of B cell failure

Answer 19

Chronic hyperglycemia-> glucotoxicity

Overcompensation of insulin to compensate for insulin resistance

High circulating free fatty acids -> lipotoxicity

Question 20

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

Slow onset 
Increased thirst
Increased urination 
Increased appetite 
Fatigue 
Blurred vision
Slow healing infection 
Impotence in men

Question 21

Diabetes complications

Answer 21

Stroke
Eye damage 
Heart attack
Kidney damage 
Impotence / difficulty passing urine 
Numbness 
Reduced blood supply
Hypoglycemia -> coma 
Hyperglycemia -> diabetic ketoacidosis -> Diabetic coma

Question 22

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 22

Hyperglycemia (glucose >250mg/dL)
Ketosis
Metabolic acidosis (low bicarbonate <15, low pH <7.3)
Ketonemia
Moderate ketonuria