Development of the Face Palate and Tongue Flashcards
Define growth
An anatomical phenomenon which involves an increase in size or number
Define development
A physiological phenomenon which involves an increase in organization, complexity or specialization
How many autosomes and sex chromosomes in the human somatic cell
44 autosomes
2 sex chromosomes (X and Y)
Describe fertilisation to the formation of the Morula
Sperm fuses with Oocyte to form the zygote.
Fertilised ovum undergoes cleavage.
The cells formed here are called blastomeres that rearrange themselves to differentiate into various groups and layers
4th day the zygote forms the many celled mass called a Morula.
What is a blastocoele and what does it do
As cell mass (morula) divides its enlarges and gains a fluid filled cavity = blastocoele (5th day)
Blastocoele separates cell into outer cell layer - trophoblast
inner cell mass - embryoblast
What does a blastocyst consist of
Inner cell mass - embryoblast
Outer cell layer - trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity - blastocoele
What does the embryoblast (inner cell mass) give rise to
the primitive endoderm and the epiblast
What do the primitive endoderm and epiblast develop into
Primitive endoderm - amniotic sac which forms the fluid filled cavity that the embryo resides in during pregnancy
Epiblast - develops into 3 germ layers of the developing embryo during gastrulation (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)
What does the trophoblast do
Outer layer of the embryo that combines with maternal endometrium to form the placenta. also secretes factors to make the blastocoele
What is the cytotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast, composed of stem cells which give rise to cells comprising the chorionic villi, placenta.
What is the syncytiotrophoblast
Syncytiootrophoblast is the outermost layer of the trophoblast. These cells secrete proteolyGc enzymes to breakdown the endometrial extracellular matrix to allow for implantaGon of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.
What is implantation and when does it happen
Day 6
• The trophoblast attaches to the sticky endometrial surface on the posterior wall of the body of the uterus.
• The surface cells of the trophoblast produces enzymes that digest the uterine endometrial cells, which allows a deeper penetration of the cell mass.
In the second week what do the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiate into
Columnar shaped ectodermal cells and cuboidal shaped endodermal cells adjacent to the blastocoele. The amniotic cavity appears between the ectodermal cells and the overlying trophoblast
What is gastrulation and when does it occur
this is the conversion of the bilaminar to the trilaminar disc (ecto, meso, endoderm) in the third week of development
How is the trilaminar disc formed
Primitive streak forms and epiblast cells migrate through this streak towards the hypoblast, this eventually creates the three germ layers.
What do the ectodermal cells give rise to
the nervous system epidermis and appendages (hair, nails and sweat glands) enamel of teeth epthelium lining of the oral cavity. nasal cavities and sinuses
What do the endodermal cells give rise to
epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract and all associated organs
What does the mesoderm give rise to
the muscles and all the structures derived from the connective tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, blood, dentin, pulp, cementum and the periodontal ligament).
What do the neural folds form into
The neural tube and the cells of the neural crest
What are the properties of the neural crest cells and what do they give rise to
multipotent
gives rise to ectodermal tissues and mesenchyme in specific areas of the head/face
