Development of Play Flashcards
Pretend or symbolic play
Dolls or figurines and toys used to represent people, animals, things
Constructive play
Involves building and constructing things, drawing, and puzzles
Rough and tumble play
Active movement, may or may not involve other children; jumping, running, swinging, sliding
Functions of play
Biophysical development Enculturation Enhance cognitive development Learning adult roles Affective development Social development
Biophysical development
Play aids in the development of fine and gross motor skills
First signs of play in infants is repetition of pleasurable movements for the fun of it and to master movements
Practice > skill > natural repertoire > goal achievement
Enculturation
Play activities allow children to practice roles related to their cultural background
Games with rules provide children a socially acceptable way to work out conflict and cooperation
Learning adult roles
Children learn to adapt to the realities of life roles via play
Through play more mature ways of functioning are explored and learned
Cognitive development
Piaget believed that play is essential to cognitive development and assists i development of…
Spatial relationships Object manipulation Creativity Categorization Problem solving Perceptual skills Reasoning skills Language concepts Cause and effect Sharing/turn taking Planning or developing strategies
Hurlock
When the end is more important than the means, the activity is more like work
Concrete
Self-centered activities
Abstract
Concept-centered activities
Reality play
An object is used for its intended purpose
Blocks to build
Object fantasy
Entirely new identity is attributed to the object
Blocks as cars
Person fantasy
People qualities are actively represented
Taking on elements of different people
Announced fantasy
The theme is announced before acting out
Going to the North Pole and not breaking character
Affective development
Through play activities children learn rules of the external and internal (emotional) worlds and how to balance them
Children learn: correlations, trust, self-control, and control over frustration, impulse control, diligence
Erikson suggests that children need to learn appropriate behaviors via play in the childhood years to develop the self-confidence needed to succeed in adolescence and adulthood
Social development
Through play the child learns to distinguish self from others
The learn how to interact with others, get their needs met and meet the needs of others
Developmental changes seen in play reflect the increasing social maturity of the child
Parten’s Stages of Social Play
Unoccupied behavior - infancy
Solitary play - toddlerhood
Onlooker play - early preschool
Parallel play - middle preschool
Associative play - middle to late preschool
Cooperative play - late preschool
Birth to 1 month
Dominant activity is the simple exercise of reflexes
No real play
1-4 months
First signs of play begins with infant repeating sounds or body movements for pleasure (sensation)
4-8 months
Child repeats activities that have a pleasing effect on the senses or the environment i.e. crumpling paper, shaking rattles, banging objects together
Arms to midline
Cause and effect
8-12 months
Beginning of intentional goal directed behavior, object permanence developing, repetition of activities
Sorting and dumping activities begin
12-18 months
Rather than repeating the child intentionally varies actions to make them more exciting.
Uses objects appropriately i.e. stacking blocks rather than banging or mouthing
12-24 months
Symbolism emerges. Sensorimotor play gradually being replaced with symbolic play. Appropriate use of toys
Stick is now baseball bat
