Development Of Economy 1861 - 1917 Flashcards
7 main events/individuals
Emancipation of the Serfs
Mikhail von Reutern
Nikolai von Bunge
Ivan Vyshnegradsky
Sergei Witte
Stolypin
Dual Power
Nikolai von Bunge was the Minister of Finance from ____ to ____
Nikolai von Bunge was the Minister of Finance from 1881 to 1887
Ivan Vyshnegradsky was the Minister of Finance from ____ to ____
Ivan Vyshnegradsky was the Minister of Finance from 1887 to 1892
Sergei Witte was the Minister of Finance from ____ to ____
Sergei Witte was the Minister of Finance from 1892 to 1903
Pyotr Stolypin was the Prime Minister from ____ to ____
Pyotr Stolypin was the Prime Minister from 1906 to 1911
The emancipation in 1861 created ______ but kept peasants ____
The emancipation in 1861 created Kulaks but kept peasants poor
Von Reutern reformed the ____, abolished ______, and introduced which 3 types of banks?
Reformed the treasury
Abolished tax-farming
Introduced state banks, municipal banks, and savings banks (1860, -62, -69)
During von Reuterns term of office, there was an annual growth rate of __%
6%
During von Reuterns term of office, oil extraction began in ____, and ironworks were set up in _______ in ____
During von Reuterns term of office, oil extraction began in 1871, and ironworks were set up in Donetsk in 1872
State 3 issues with von Reutern’s economy
1/3 expenditure went to debt repayment
Peasantry stayed poor
Domestic market stayed small
Von Bunge set up the ______ in ____, and later the _______ in _____.
Von Bunge set up the Peasants’ Land Bank in 1883, and later the Nobles’ Land Bank in 1885.
Von Bunge lowered _________, and improved working conditions by restricting _______
Lowered redemption payments
Restricted child labour
Von Bunge was ultimately ______, as he contributed to an increasingly _________
Sacked
Weak economy
Vyshnegradsky famously said…
“We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export”
To boost industry and encourage ____ production, Vyshnegradsky introduced a __% ______ tariff on raw materials.
To boost industry and encourage iron production, Vyshnegradsky introduced a 30% import tariff on raw materials.
Who negotiated valuable loans from France in 1888?
Vyshnegradsky
From 1881 to 1891, increased grain requisitioning led to increased grain exports by __%
18%
By ____ the Russian budget was in surplus
1892
What was the most devastating event during Vyshnegradsky’s term of office?
The 1891-1892 famines
350,000 deaths
During Witte’s term of office, foreign investment ____ from ____ in _____ to _____ by ______
Foreign investment tripled from
280mil in 1895 to 900mil by 1900
A new rouble was created, adopting the gold standard in ____
1897
Witte introduced a railway construction programme, and ______km had been laid by ____
600,000km by 1905
Foreign investment increased to ___ million roubles by ____
Foreign investment increased to 215 million roubles by 1880
What did Witte neglect?
Agriculture
What was abolished in 1907?
Redemption payments
Stolypin’s agrarian reforms focused on increasing _____, which would result in a more invested peasantry.
The number of peasant landowners
As a result of the agrarian reforms, agricultural output increased by ___
1/3
By 1905, __% of landlord land had passed to the peasantry
27
Stolypin’s reforms were largely unsuccessful, as peasants were _____, and he had to resort to _______
Reluctant to change
Force and terror
By 1914, only __% of Euro-Russian peasants had set up farms outside communes
10
In 1917, there were ____, ____, and ______ shortages
Food
Fuel
Raw materials
In 1917 the railway system…
Showed signs of breaking down
___ factories in Petrograd shut down between _____ and _____ 1917; _______ jobs were lost
568 factories
Between February and July
100,000 jobs lost
In 1917, grain prices in Petrograd _____ between _____ and _____
Doubled between February and June
____ Russia produced ____ million tonnes coal, while the UK produced ____ million tonnes
1913 Russia produced 29.2 million tonnes coal, while the UK produced 292 tonnes
Production of __ and ___ rose from _ to __ million poods
Production of iron and steel rose from 9 to 76 million poods
