2 Developments 1900-1917

Question 1

Strip-farming was still used by

Answer 1

90% peasants

Question 2

Where was farming more modern?

Answer 2

In the frontier areas

Question 3

Cities were merely…

Answer 3

Outposts for seasonal workers

Question 4

Problems of working in cities

Answer 4

Low wages
Poor conditions
High mortality rates (St Petersburg highest death rate out of all European capitals)
Typhus and cholera (cholera epidemic 100,000 die in 1910)

Question 5

Income per capita was…

Answer 5

Less than half of that in Germany and France

Question 6

Literacy levels increased to…

Answer 6

75% among skilled workers
60% in general population

But was still 40% in countryside

Question 7

What was legalised in 1906?

Answer 7

Trade unions

Question 8

Describe Stolypin’s agricultural reforms 1906-1907

Answer 8

Primarily wanted to increase peasant land ownership, so tried to encourage peasants to consolidate strips into farms and leave commune
3.5 million migrate to Siberia due to financial incentives
Abolished redemption payments (but in reality they hadn’t been paid in full for some time)
Mirs could no longer stop peasants from leaving and could be dissolved if uncooperative

Question 9

Impact of Stolypin’s land reforms

Answer 9

In 1914, only about 10% of Euro-Russian peasants had set up farms separate from communes
The reforms were more successful in the west, but this was where reform was least needed
Land controlled by village commune fell from 75% to 60% in 1914

Question 10

Women in the workforce

Answer 10

Increased to 33%
Paid less than half that of men

Question 11

What happened in 1912?

Answer 11

Lena Goldfields Massacre
500 killed

Question 12

Number of factory workers increase

Answer 12

Tripled from 2 million in 1900 to 6 million 1913

Question 13

How did working conditions improve?

Answer 13

1912 safety inspectors introduced
Workers began to benefit from insurance schemes

Question 14

Strike action from 1912

Answer 14

Increased following Lena Goldfields Massacre
By 1914 there were over 3500 industrial stoppages

Question 15

__% properties in St Petersburg had no ___ in 1914

Answer 15

40%
Running water or sewage system

Question 16

Rank the positivity of change for peasants/workers, the middle class, and the nobility

Answer 16

1. Middle class (had it the best)
2. Nobility (just holding onto status)
3. Peasants/workers (baaad)

Question 17

How did the middle class experience positive change?

Answer 17

Influence grew in Zemstva and got more involved in Dumas in 1908
The need for specialists grew as the economy diversified (4,000 agronomists in countryside)

Question 18

How did the nobility maintain their power?

Answer 18

Some when bankrupt, but those who didn’t maintained positions in zemstva
Nicholas II encouraged noble influence and never introduced progressive income taxes

Question 19

Improvements in education

Answer 19

Government expenditure increased from 5 million roubles in 1896 to 82 million in 1914
85% increase of those in primary education 1905-1914

Question 20

How many Russian soldiers died in WW2?

Answer 20

Over 2 million

Question 21

Caloric intake of workers after war started

Answer 21

1914-1916 fell by 1/4

Question 22

When did Nicholas II take personal charge of the army?

Answer 22

1915

Question 23

Between ____ and ___, grain production grew by ___% annually

Answer 23

Between 1883 and 1914, grain production grew by 2.1% annually