Alexander II - Wider Progressive Reforms Flashcards
Zemstva were created in…
1864
Zemstva were only in provinces…
With a Russian majority
__/__ provinces had zemstva
37/70
The zemstva were dominated by…
The nobility
Courts were previously…
Corrupt, inefficient, and favoured the rich
The court system was…
Simplified
_____ courts for peasants emphasised their lower status
Seperate / Volost
Name 2 new elements introduced
Trial by jury and Justices of the Peace
Overall, the judicial reforms…
Backfired on the regime by creating rule of law
Universal conscription for ___ was introduced
All over 21
Modern ___ and ___ introduced
Artillery and rifles
Service was reduced to…
15 years
Reforms were opposed by…
The nobility
The army still relied mainly on…
Uneducated peasant conscripts
The army was less ____ and ____, but still had a high proportion of ____
Brutal and class-ridden
Noble officers
The _____ took responsibility for rural schools
Zemstva
The number of primary schools increased from ____ to ____ between ____ and ____
8,000 to 25,000
1856 and 1878
Universities gained…
More freedom
More literate people meant growing…
Opposition to the regime
Censorship was _____ in the 1860s
Relaxed
Public opion was becoming more…
Informed
Newspapers could report on…
Government policy and court cases
Free flow of opinion…
Did not benefit the autocratic system
What were the 5 areas of Alexander II’s wider reforms?
Local government, judicial, military, education, and censorship
