demography- birth and death rates 1 Flashcards
fertility rate=
number of live briths per 100 women 15-44
birth rate =
number of live births per 1000 pop over a year
total fertility rate=
average number of children women has during fertile years
birth rate trends
in 1901 uk pop 38m, inc 64m 2014. their has been a decline in birth rates -1900=28.7 per 1000 compared to 12.2 births per 1000 in 2014 (link to baby booms eg ww1)
fertility rate trends:
uk fertility and total fertility generally declined . in 1900 fertility rate 115 life births per 1000 fertile women per year. compared to 63.6 in 2009.
in 2008 total fetitltiy rate 1.96 per women and 2014 declined to 1.83
decline in birth rate- family diversity
alternative choices now socially acceptable eg people choose not to have children +biological barriers.
decline in birth rate- family diveristy- changing expectations of women
(harper 2012)
inc in educalctional achievement and employment- women may choose to pritorise career instead of having family. women who didn’t have children can control how many and when they do. = inc number of women having children in later life -harper- delayed child baring for career. and legal equality with men eg vote
implications decline in birth rare has on family- family size
smaller to parents having less children. fertility rates in 1964 was 2.95 children per women and 1.89 in 2014
in 2013 47% byckear family had only 1 child and 14% had 2, their is a decline in women having children under 24 and rise in women 40+ having children
westward and bhachu 1988- (implication decline of birth rate has on family- family size)
found that decline in birth rate did not apply to Asian families
increase in family diversity: voluntary childnes
inc in number of women choosing not to have children. the family policy study centre found that in 2000, 1 in 5 aged 40 had not had children compared to 1 in 10 in 1980
increase in family diversity: dual career family
decline in full time mothering and rise in dual career familys- 60% nuclear familys are dual career familys
evaluation new right: birth rate
argue decline in birth rate is caused b avaalsiability of contraception/female employment , these changed have led to demise of nuclear family that is triggering on alleged moral decline
eval: liberal feminist birth rate
-helene wilkinson
support the decline as it enables women to have freedom of lives, Helen Wilkinson 1994 - ground breaking shift in female expectations since 1960> eld to gender quake in attitudes
death rate trends
steadily decrease since 1900- it was 19 deaths per 1000 pop In 1901 compared to 9 per 1000 in 2014
life expectancy trends
risen from 48 years for men and 52 for women in 1901 to 79.5 years for men and 92.5 years for women 2014