Demography Flashcards
What is demography?
The study of populations
What are birth rates?
The number of live births per thousand of the population per year
What are fertility rates?
The average number of children a woman has during her fertile years
Why have career opportunities improved for women since the 1960s?
Due to new laws such as:
- Equal Pay Act (1970)
- Sex Discrimination Act (1975)
Why are more women being focuses on their careers led to a decline in the birth rate?
Women are prioritising their career instead of having children or as well as having children as more women see their career as more important
Why are more women being focuses on their careers led to a decline in the total fertility rate?
More women delay having children, they may experience fertility problems later and have fewer or no children
Why may more effective contraception have led to a decline in the birth rate?
More effective contraception means women can control their fertility and control how many children they have (if any)
Why may children being an economic liability have led to a decline in the birth rate?
Individuals may not want the large expenses that come with raising children and therefore more and more people may not have children
Why has an increase in child-centred families led to a decline in the total fertility rate?
More women may decide to delay having children in order to be completely financially independent when they do have children
Could mean more women having children outside their fertile years which decreases total fertility rate
Why has an increase in child-centred families led to a decline in the birth rate?
People are having just one or two children, so they can spend more time and money on them meaning more people are deciding to have fewer children leading to a decline in the birth rate
Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to smaller family sizes?
More women are giving birth to fewer children meaning more women are more likely to go out to work, creating dual-earner families and also smaller families
Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to an increase in the number of single women?
More women have chosen to be childless and live in single person or shared households
More women are opting to focus on their careers instead of motherhood
Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to an increase in the number of childless couples?
More couples are choosing to delay having children or opting to be child free and has therefore led to an increase in two person households than contain cohabiting or married couples
Why has declining birth and fertility rates led to an increase in beanpole families?
Fallen fertility rates has led to fewer children and therefore children have few or no aunts, uncles or cousins which has therefore contributed to the increase of beanpole families
Why has lower birth and fertility rates today lead to an increase in dependency ratio in 20 years time?
There will be a larger percentage of people who aren’t working (elders) than the number of people of working age meaning more people will have to be dependent on the family and state services
How might the declining birth and fertility rates have an impact on hospitals and child health care services?
Fewer people may need these types of services meaning there will be a decrease in the number of people using them
More and more people are having fewer children meaning there are less people who need to use these services
How might the declining birth and fertility rates have an impact on schools?
There will be fewer children in the education system at the same times as more women delaying childbirth therefore meaning there are fewer children needing education at the same time and there is less demand for it
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
What does Tranter argue the main reason for the decline in the death rate in the UK has been due to?
Argue its due to fall in deaths from infectious diseases such as scarlet fever, typhoid, whooping cough, influenza, smallpox and tuberculosis
Why has better nutrition led to a decline in deaths from infectious diseases?
Food standards have been improved and all food are now subject to tests that help identify whether they are infected or not
Food now sprayed with pesticides and chemicals to prevent the spread of diseases
Why has the introduction of antibiotics and vaccinations led to the decline in the death rate, particular from infectious diseases?
Antibiotics help the body fight against diseases
Vaccinations give people a small inactive amount of the disease so white blood cells fight the disease
More people who are vaccinated the less people will be subject to the disease which created herd immunity
Why has improved maternity care led to a decline in the infant mortality rate?
Improved maternity care helps the baby to survive because it gives them everything the baby needs to survive
This improvement in maternity care could be down to many factors such as improved books on maternity care and greater internet resources
Why had better housing led to a fall in the death rate?
Fewer people are all living in the same building, having a great number of people living in a building without working showers is a breeding ground for potentially fatal diseases
Why may smaller families reduce the number of deaths from infectious diseases?
There are less people living together, therefore sanitation and hygiene should be better meaning these households won’t have as great of a chance of coming in contact with these infectious diseases
Why has better health and safety reduced the death rate?
Fewer people are dying because of dangerous working conditions due to laws being introduced about safety at work
Also been laws introduced that relate to sanitation and hygiene which have meant more people are living longer and healthier
Why has the declining infant mortality rate led to an increase in life expectancy?
There is now better food and nutrition meaning that children’s immune systems are strong and they are therefore able to better resist infectious disease which will decrease infant mortality rate and increase life expectancy
Why may women have a longer life expectancy than men?
Women tend to be more health aware and have higher awareness of their mental and physical symptoms which results in a healthier lifestyle and better health care use which will result in a longer life expectancy
Why may manual WC workers have a lower life expectancy than MC professionals?
WC may be less aware of symptoms from infectious diseases or they may not be able to access the best doctors in order to treat them of these diseases which lower life expectancy
Why has a combination of declining birth rate, declining infant mortality rate and increased life expectancy led to an ageing population?
Decling birth rate and increased life expectancy means there are more older people than younger people meaning there is an ageing population
Declining infant mortality rate has also led to an ageing population because more individuals are now surviving past their first birthday due to various factors such as health
Why has an ageing population led to an increase in beanpole families?
Increase in life expectancy means there are more grandparents, meaning more generations of the extended family
Why has an ageing population led to more single person households?
More elderly people end up living on their own, particularly women because women tend to out-live their husbands
Why has an ageing population led to more modified extended families?
Extended families don’t live in the same household, but are still in regular contact therefore the ageing population means there are more elderly in the extended family meaning there is an increase in extended families who don’t live in the same household
Why has an ageing population led to an increase in the state retirement age?
There are more elderly people than young meaning that there are less young people to take over the jobs that the elderly had, therefore the state retirement age may have increased to ensure there are enough people working
Why may an ageing population increase the dependency ratio?
There will be a greater percentage of elderly people who aren’t working compared to the number of people of working age
There are more elderly people not in paid work and therefore they are dependent on other people
Why has an ageing population led to an increase in the need for more health care services?
The elderly are more likely to come in contact with infectious diseases and illnesses and therefore will need more health care treatment than younger people who have better health and strong immune systems
Why might feminists argue an ageing population has led to an increase in the triple shift for many working women?
Working women will have to provide emotional support and do the cleaning cooking etc. in at least two households as their children and parents will be dependent on them to provide them with this
What is migration?
The movement of people
What is immigration?
The movement of people into a country
What is emigration?
The movement of people out of a country
What is net migration?
The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
What is internal migration?
The movement of people within one country
How has globalisation led to migration?
Might led to migration because more and more people’s lives connect with far away places and its now easier to be able to move to live with relatives in different countries
Suggest three push factors that may encourage people to leave one country
They may have low employment rates and opportunities
Their current country may have high crime rates and they want to move to a safer country
May be for better political stability
Suggest three pull factors that may encourage people to move to a particular country
High employment rates and opportunities
More wealth
Lower risk of natural hazards
Why may the declining birth rate in the UK result in more immigration?
There will be more opportunities for jobs as there will be less people born in the UK who are than able to take over the jobs for the elderly when they retire
Why may immigration into the UK lower the dependency ration?
Younger people are more likely to immigrate to the UK for possible job opportunities which will increase the number of people fit for work meaning the dependency ratio will decline
Why may migration lead to more multi-person households?
Many young people come to the UK in search of work and they want to pay as little as possible for rent so they can make more money to fund themselves and family back home
Therefore they are more likely to rent a room or live in a shared house meaning there will be an increase in multi-person households
Why may migration lead to more single-parent families?
E.g. tend to be high rates of unemployment among Jamaican men, making them an unreliable source of family income. Therefore many Jamaican women opt to be a single mum to provide for themselves and their children as they would likely still have to do this if they were married
Why may migration lead to more larger household structures among South Asian families?
Most south asians marry young and have multiple children
Arranged marriages also common so south asians and many women often feel they have to go along with the marriages due to family honour and will be expected to please their husbands to prevent bringing shame on their family
Why may migration lead to more modified extended families?
More families who don’t live in the same household due to moving to another country for jo opportunities etc. but will still remain in regular contact
Lead to more modified extended families because individuals who move to another country could then start their family leading to an increase in the size of the modified extended family
