Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NEUROLOGY > Dementia 2.0 > Flashcards

Dementia 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

When is diagnosed with Dementia?

A
  • evidence of cognitive decline (in at least 1 cognitive domain)
  • deficits INTERFERE with independence in everyday activities
  • no ddx(esp. delirium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the course of Dementia?

A
  • progressive and worse with time

- a/w neurodegeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name acute cognitive disorders of the brain. (3)

A
  • viral encephalitis
  • head injury
  • stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does viral encephalitis bring about cognitive impairment?

A

-fronto-temporal problems

>memory, behavioural changes, language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DIstinguish Antegrade from Retrograde amnesia

A
  • Antegrade: inability to make new memories

- retrograde: the inability to recall old memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In which condition may both these amnesia present together?

A

Transient Global Amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What may trigger transient global amnesia and who is it often seen in?

A
  • seen in >50 y.o

- triggers: emotions and changes in temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which anatomical site in the brain is said to be closely linked to TGA?

A
  • the hippocampus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How often may TGA occur and how long does an episode take?

A
  • this is a transient condition lasting 4-6hrs (always <24hrs)
  • only 6% recurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is TGA different from Transient Epileptic Amnesia?

A
  • more short lived (lasts 20-30 mins)
  • a/w temporal lobe seizures (30% not witnessed)
  • response to ANTI-EPILEPTIC medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What metabolic factors cause sub-acute cognitive d.o?

A
  • B12, calcium levels

- thyroid factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inflammatory cause of sub-acute cognitive d.o?

A

-limbic encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Subjective Cognitive Impairment?

How does subjective cognitive impairment present as?

A

Pt complains of worsening of thinking abilities, but standard test can’t proove decline….

  • everyday forgetfulness
  • reduced concentration/ attention/ reaction time and memory d.o
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes Creuztfeldt-Jakob Disease? (CJD)

A

-causes by highly infective prion protein, which ACCUMULATES at high levels in the brain
>irreversible nerve damage —RARE CONDITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common type of CJD and how does it come about?

A
  • the SPORADIC type
  • occurs in the 60s
  • said to be caused by the “misfolding” of a normal brain protein forming a prion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which CJD arises from eating beef?

A
  • variant CJD d.t contamination by BSE
  • seen in 20s
  • —<1% of cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How may Iatrogenic CJD occur?

A
  • by poor sterility of surgical instruments used between brain surgeries
  • (Past); CJD arose from the use of human pituitary GH from deceased individuals. infected with GJD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which CJD presents with cerebellar dysfxn or visual onset of symptoms?

What is this CJD type’s age of onset?

A
  • iatrogenic

- 30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which CJD causes painful SENSORY disturbance?

How long does this CJD last?

A

Variant

14months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which CJD type causes RAPID onset of dementia, myoclonus, neuro deficits?

How long does this CJD type last?

A

Sporadic

4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the other symptoms of Prion disease?

A
  • difficulty in gait
  • hallucinations
  • muscle stiffness
  • confusion and Fatigue
  • hard to speak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Major cause of dementia in the UK

A

AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the initial symptoms of AD and why?

A

FORGETFULNESS

-d/t the degeneration of the MEDIAL hippocampus and lateral parietal lobes ->APRAXIA and visuospatial difficulties

24
Q

What causes the neurodegeneration in AD?

A

d/t to the accumulation of the A-Beta amyloid proteins in the form of extracellular amyloid plaques -> APOPTOSIS

  • formation of the neurofibrillary tangles
  • also said to cause synaptic loss
25
Q

What occurs with posterior cortical atrophy ?

A

-visuospatial disturbance

26
Q

What forms of PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE aphasia is seen in AD?

A
  • SEMANTIC
  • Staccato speech (effortful)
  • Logopenic Aphasia
27
Q

What ivx may prove the presence of AD?

A
  • MRI: focal atrophy of TEMPORAL and PARIETAL lobes
  • SPECT: reduced metabolism at the temporoparietal region
  • CSF: reduced amyloid and increase in TAU
28
Q

What rx for AD?

A
  • MEMANTINE (NMDA-r blocker); gold standard

- ACh boosting rx > Cholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine/ galantamine)

29
Q

Who is usually seen to have FTD?

A

-MOST <65Y.O; Early onset dementia

30
Q

What pathogenic proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of FTD?

A

tau protein
TDP-43
Ubiquitin
—-aggregation of these proteins cause cell damage -> NEURODEGEN.

31
Q

What are the 3 variants of FTD?

A
  1. Behavioural Variant (most common)
  2. Semantic Dementia
  3. Progressive Non-fluent aphasia
32
Q

What are some frontal features seen in FTD?

A
  • DISINHIBITION
  • apathy
  • loss of empathy
  • hyperorality
  • compulsive behaviours
33
Q

What is found with IVX of FTD?

A
  • MRI- atrophy of FT lobes
  • SPECT - reduced FT metabolism
  • csf: NORMAL amyloid; incr. TAU
34
Q

How to treat FT dementia?

A
  • with antipsychotics
  • safety management of finances, food and internet
  • Power of attorney
35
Q

Give 2 examples of Late-Onset dementia.

A
  1. Lewy body dementia

2. Vascular dementia

36
Q

How does Vascular dementia occur and how does it present as?

A

-d/t subcortical SMALL VESSEL DISEASE…co-existent amyloid pathology
>reduced attention, executive dysfxn, slow processing

37
Q

What pathways are disrupted in Lewy Body Dementia?

A

cholinergic and dopaminergic d/t cell damage by alpha-synuclein aggregates in cells

38
Q

What forms the CORE criteria of Lewy body dementia?

A
  1. fluctuating cognition
  2. recurrent well-formed VISUAL hallucinations
    +/- extrapryamidal fts.
39
Q

What are the physical symptoms of extrapyramidal fts?

A
  • slurred speech, paranoia, anxiety
  • dystonia, AKATHISIA, BRADYKINESIA, TARDIVE DYSKINESIA
  • tremor
40
Q

What ivx could be done for LBD?

A
  • DaT imaging

- alpha-synuclein ligand imaging

41
Q

What rx for LBD?

A
  • small dose LEVODOPA to reduce ACh

- trial cholinesterase inhibitors

42
Q

How is Parkinson’s D. DEMENTIA different from Lewy Body Dementia?

A

If Body or Brain came first!

  • PDD: cogntive decline occurs >1 YEAR of motor symptoms
  • LBD: cognitive may occur in <1 year of Motor presentation (or they occur TOGETHER/ cognitive decline comes first)

—though both dementias are pathologically and clinically similar

43
Q

What additional symptoms are seen in Huntington’s Disease?

A
  • in addition to dementia:
  • —chorea with LATER psychosis
  • changes in mood and personality (APATHY)
  • SLURRED speech
44
Q

What IVX for Huntington’s disease?

A
  • genetic testing (>35 repeats of CAG repeats)

- MRI (loss of caudate heads)

45
Q

What rx could be given?

A

mood stabilizers
chorea rx
HD nurse specialist

46
Q

Why check for Vit B12 and Calcium levels for dementia screening?

A
  • Vit B12 def. predisposes one to DEMENTIA

- Hypercalcemia is said to cause memory loss, irritability and depression

47
Q

Name the disorders of cognitions that kicks in with AD.

A
  1. Posterior Cortical Atrophy

2. Progressive primary aphsia

48
Q

What is in the core criteria to make the dx of Vascular Dementia?

A
  1. Presence of Cerebrovascular disease

2. Clear temporal relationship between ONSET of dementia and cerebrovascular dementia

49
Q

How does vascular dementia present as >

A
  • reduced attention
  • reduced executive dysfxn
  • slowed processing
50
Q

Is post-stroke dementia a thing?

A

YES

- 25% develop Vascular dementia usually in less than 3 months of the stroke

51
Q

How to manage VaD?

A
  • vascular risk factors +/- Cholinesterase inhibitor

2. Community Psyciatry Nurse

52
Q

What are the fts of FTD?

A
  • early FRONTAL fts (apathy/ loss of empathy/ disinhibition/ hyperorality)
  • early loss of insight
53
Q

How is FTD managed?

A
  • Safety management= controlled access of FOOD/ MONEY/ INTERNET
  • Power of Attorney
  • MND nurse specialist if co-existent MND
54
Q

How is FTD treated?

A
  • trial of TRAZADONE/ anti-psychotics to help behavioural fts
55
Q

What support could be given to a LB pt?

A

PD nurse specialist

56
Q

Name 2 early onset dementia.

A
  1. FTD

2. Huntington’s Dementia

57
Q

What is involved in the dementia screen and when is it performed?

A
  • B12
  • TFTS
  • syphilis
  • HIV
  • Ca2+
  • –screen is done when pt is YOUNG or there is family hx

NEUROLOGY (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions