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NEUROLOGY > Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is found directly above the midbrain, posterior to the forebrain and between the cerebral hemispheres?

What makes up this named structure?

A

Diencephalon

  • thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
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2
Q

The diencephalon is said to form the walls of ______

A

third ventricle

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3
Q

Injury to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum results in _______

A

incoordination of movements

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4
Q

Name the lobes of the cerebellum.

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • flocculonodular lobe
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5
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  1. Posture
  2. Balance
  3. Coordination of Movements
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6
Q

What is the exact location of the cerebellum?

A
  • inferior to the Occipital lobe and temporal lobes
  • within the posterior cranial fossa
  • tentorium cerebelli seperates the cerebellum from the lobes
  • falx cerebelli separates the cerebellar hemispheres
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7
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

via 3 stalks

(called the peduncles) —middle cerebellar, inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar

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8
Q

What is the central portion of the cerebellum termed as?

And on either sides of the vermis?

A

the vermis

—the hemispheres

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9
Q

What do the cerebellar peduncles carry?

A
  • the MIDDLE and the INFERIOR peduncles carry info. IN

- Superior peduncle carries info. OUT

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10
Q

Name the afferents that arrive at the cerebellum.

A
  • vestibular apparatus via Vestibular nuclei
  • Spinal cord (pressure and somatic proprioceptors)
  • cerebral cortex (via the pons)
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11
Q

Name the 3 layers, the cerebellar cortex is divided into.

A
  1. Molecular Layer (outer)
  2. Purkinje Cell layer (middle)
  3. Granule cell layer (inner)
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12
Q

What are the deep grey matter in the cerebellum?

A
  • deep cerebellar nuclei
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13
Q

What do the afferents mainly project to in the cerebellum?

A
  • the granule cell layer (INNER)
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14
Q

Which is the only layer, from which the cerebellum sends output projections?

A
  • from the axons of the Purkinje cells

> synapse with deep cerebellar nuclei; allowing thr coordination of all motor tracts

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15
Q

Where do the efferents axons of the cerebellar nuclei synapse at?

A
  • the thalamus (after crossing over the midline)
  • and red nucleus
    > thalamus sends fibres to the MOTOR cortex
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16
Q

What side of bodily coordination is the cerebellum in charge of?

A
  • the hemispheres influence the IPSILATERAL side of body

- —-lesions> ipsilateral signs

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17
Q

What kind of cells are purkinje cells?

A
  • inhibitory neurones
  • release GABA
  • —-therefore helps MODIFY movement
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18
Q

What occurs with bilateral cerebellar dysfxn?

A
  • slowed, slurred speech (DYSARTHRIA)
  • b/l incoordination of arms
  • wide based gait, staggering
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19
Q

When is bilateral cerebellar dysfxn seen?

A
  • with Acute Alcohol exposure
20
Q

What is seen with unilateral cerebellar lesion?

A
  • disturbance of coordination in LIMBS
  • intention tremor
  • unsteady gait
  • —in the absence of weakness and sensory loss
21
Q

What occurs with midline cerebellar lesion?

A
  • disturbance of POSTURAL control
  • pt will tend to FALL over when standing/ sitting
  • preserved limb coordination
22
Q

Why does a midline lesion present with postural problems?

A
  • as the midline portion of the cerebellum carries the spinocerebellar tract
23
Q

Name the 3 deep nuclei of the cerebellum

A
  1. Dentate
  2. Interposed
  3. Fastigial
24
Q

Which deep nuclei is the MOST lateral and where does it project to?

A

Dentate
—-projects to the CONTRALATERAL VA, VL nuclei of the thalamus (same ones basal ganglia coordinates with) —–HELPS modify movements

25
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A
  1. to facilitate PURPOSEFUL movements
  2. inhibit UNWANTED movements
  3. Role in MUSCLE TONE and POSTURE
26
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia Nigra
27
Q

Which components of the basal ganglia ,make up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

28
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A
  • caudate and putamen
29
Q

What makes up the Lenticular nucleus?

A
  • putamen and globus pallidus
30
Q

SO midline lesions of the cerebellum causes imbalance where _____

A

in the trunk (truncal ataxia)

31
Q

Lateral cerebellar lesions will present with signs in the _______.

A

extremities

  • intention tremor
  • —tend to fall to the affected side
32
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located ?

A

in the MIDBRAIN

33
Q

When does pallor of the substantia nigra occur? And why?

A
  • with PARKINSON’S disease

- d.t degeneration of the DOPAMINERGIC neurones of the substantia nigra

34
Q

How does the basal ganglia help work with Motor cortex to enhance normal movement?

A
  • either ramps up and enhances the movement - through the DIRECT pathway
  • INDIRECT pathway: inhibits outflow of thalamus
35
Q

What occurs with unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • affects the contralateral side
36
Q

What are the symptoms of basal ganglia lesion ?

A
  • changes in MUSCLE tone

- dyskinesias (tremor/ chorea/ myoclonus)

37
Q

Lesions to the flocculonodular presents in what way?

A
  • nystagmus
  • vertigo

(d.t its connxns to the vestibular nuclei)

38
Q

What does a positive romberg’s test mean?

A
  • falling over with eyes closed

= SENSORY ATAXIA (loss of proprioception)

39
Q

With cerebellar ataxia, what is the romberg’s test like?

A
  • pt falling over even with their EYES OPEN
40
Q

What the main location of Parkinson’s and Huntingtons disease?

A
  • basal ganglia
41
Q

What occurs pathologically with huntington’s disease?

A
  • progressive degen. of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex.
42
Q

What are other symptoms of Cerebllar disease?

A
  1. scanning speech
  2. Hypotonia (loss of muscle resistance from passive movement)
  3. dysynergia
  4. Nystagmus
  5. N.V
  6. Vertigo
43
Q

What is dysnergia? Give examples.

A
  • loss of coorrdinated activity
    1. DYsmetria
    2. Dysdiadochokinesia
    3. INtention tremor
44
Q

What is the blood supply to the cerebellum?

A
  • superior cerebellar
  • Anterior inferior Cerebellar artery
  • Posterior INferior cerebellar artery
    (SCA/ AICA/PICA)
45
Q

Name 2 cerebellar conditions that are autosomal recessive.

A
  1. Ataxia Telangiectasia

2. Friedreich’s Ataxia

46
Q

Which hereditary cerebellar condition is at HIGH RISK of CANCER?

A
  • Ataxia telangiectasia

–also have poor immune system (freq. infections

NEUROLOGY (36 decks)

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