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NEUROLOGY > BACK, SPINE > Flashcards

BACK, SPINE Flashcards

1
Q

What do the skin dimple on the lower back rep?

A

PSIS

posterior superior iliac spine

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2
Q

THe role of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

MOVES UPPER limb

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3
Q

What is the role of the intrinsic back muscle?

A
  • maintains back posture
  • moves spine
  • supports the spine
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4
Q

Why is it referred to as “intrinsic” back muscles?

A
  • it’s entirely within the BACK
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5
Q

Name the extrinsic back muscles.

A
  1. rhomboids
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Trapezius
  4. Levator Scapulae
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6
Q

Name the 2 gr.s of intrinsic back muscles.

A
  1. erector spinae

2. transversospinalis (deep)

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7
Q

How many muscle grs. a.w the erector spinae?

A

3 vertical muscle groups LATERAL to the spine

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8
Q

Where are the erector spinae muscle groups attached, inferiorly and superiorly?

A

INFERIORLY: COMMON tendon attaches to the SACRUM and the ILIAC crest

  • superiorly: individual muscle fibres attach (via tendon) to: a rib/ transverse process/ spinous process
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9
Q

Where is the transversospinalis muscle located?

A
  • within the GROOVES between the TRANSVERSE and SPINOUS processes
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10
Q

Where does the transversospinalis muscle attach to ?

A

Between the:

  • skull and vertebra
  • rib and vertebra
  • one vertebra to another
  • the SACRUM and the vertebra
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11
Q

What is the nerve supply for each intrinsic back muscles?

A
  • segmental nerve supply (dermatome/ myotome pattern

- POSTERIOR RAMI branches (cervical/ thoracic/ lumbar)

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12
Q

Name the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

A
  • psoas major
  • Quadratus Lumborum
    (seen antero-lateral to the vertebra)
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13
Q

Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • transversus abdominis
  • internal oblique
  • external oblique
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14
Q

What occurs with the intrinsic muscle on lateral flexion?

A
  • unilateral contraction of erector spinae
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15
Q

Why do the vertebra increase in size as you descend the spine, until the sacrum?

A
  • because each vertebra would have to bear more weight, as you go lower down the spine
  • —-the vertebrae become smaller once wgt has been transferred to the HIP bones
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16
Q

How many adult vertebrae in total?

What is the distribution like?

A

33 in total

  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 Sacral (fuses to form 1 sacrum)
  • 4 coccygeal (fuses to form 1 coccyx)
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17
Q

List the normal curvatures of the spine.

A
  1. cevical LORDOSIS
  2. Thoracic Kyphosis
  3. Lumbar Lordosis
  4. Sacral kyphosis
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18
Q

What part of the vertbra enables mobility with the adjacent vertebra?

A
  • the inferior articular process and the superior articular processes
    (via synovial joints)
19
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

the vertebra

—the vertebral arch (2 laminae and 2 pedicles)

20
Q

Where do spinal nerves ARISE from?

A

from the intervertebral foramen (formed BETWEEN adjacent vertebrae)

21
Q

Which part of the vertebrae may be affected by arthritis?

A
  • facet joint between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
22
Q

Where are intervertebral discs NOT found?

A
  • none between C1-C2

- none between sacrum and coccyx

23
Q

What is the importance of the intervertebral discs?

A
  • important for WGT-bearing and strength
24
Q

Discuss what makes up the intervertebral discs.

A
  • outer fibrous ring= ANNULUS FIBROSUS : for strong bond

- inner soft pulp= NUCLEUS PULPOSUS (for flexibility and protection)

25
Q

Can the intervertebral discs move much?

A
  • each disc moves a SMALL amount; the summation produces a LARGER movement
26
Q

Name the 3 major ligaments of the spine.

A
  1. ligamentum flavum
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  3. Anterior Longitudinal ligament
  4. Supraspinous Ligaments
  5. Interspinous Ligament
27
Q

Describe the attachments of ligamentum flavum.

A
  • short

- connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord

28
Q

What are the attachments of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  • narrow, weak
  • less support for disc
  • —-PREVENTS OVERFLEXION of the spine
29
Q

Describe the attachments of the anterior longitudinal lig.

A
  • BROAD, strong
  • stronger support for DISC
  • prevents over-EXTENSION of the spine
30
Q

What are the supraspinous ligaments attachments like?

A
  • connects tips of the spinous processes together

strong and fibrous

31
Q

What are the interspinous ligament attachments like?

A
  • —runs along the superior and INFERIOR surfaces of the adjacent spinous processes
  • —WEAK; membranous
32
Q

Whats the first palpable spinous process in 70% of people?

A
  • C7
33
Q

What is a special ft of C1; the Atlas?

A
  • does not have a body/ spinous process

- has a POSTERIOR arch and an anterior arch

34
Q

What does the axis have?

A
  • an Odontoid process

- –projects superiorly

35
Q

What do the altanto-occipital joints responsible for?

A
  • FLEXION and EXTENSION of the neck

- little LATERAL flexion and ROTATION

36
Q

Where the contact in the atlanto-occipital joints?

A
  • between the occipital CONDYLES and the superior articular facets of the atlas
  • —synovial joints sith LOOSE capsule
37
Q

What are the articulations between the atlanto-axial joints like?

A
  • all synovial
  • 2 between the inferior ARTICULAR facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis
  • 1 between the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis
38
Q

Main movement of the atlanto-axial joints=

A

ROTATION

39
Q

Where is the caudal anaesthesia injected ?

A
  • in to the SACRAL hiatus, into the epidural space

- —anesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the Cauda Equina

40
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A
  • begins at the FORAMEN MAGNUM (continuous with the Medulla Oblongata)
    —ends at the L1/L2
    (or anywhere between T12 and L3)
41
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by?

A
  • 3 layers of the meninges

- a epidural fat

42
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A
  • ## to access the spinal canal (posterior exposure of spinal cord and/or spinal roots)
43
Q

Why is a laminectomy performed?

A
  • –helps relieve pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots

d. t tumor/ herniated disc/ bone hypertrophy

44
Q

List the layers

A

skin> superficial fascia> aponeurotic origin of TRAPEZIUS/thoracolumbar fascia of latissimus dorsi> intrinsic muscles> ligaments (flavum/ supraspinous/ interpsinous)> lamina> spinous process

NEUROLOGY (36 decks)

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