definitions of abnormaility

Question 1

What is a paraphilia

Answer 1

something we don’t have hopefully (i mean its 2023, we can all do what we want)
sorry sorry psychology right
um its
a sexual attraction beyond the norm
(basically necrophiliacs and pedophiles :))

Question 2

What is the percentage of men reported voyueristic fantasies of peeping at unsuspecting naked women?

Answer 2

50%
WHAT!?
i mean… love is love??

Question 3

What does the DSM-V state about paraphilias

Answer 3

Its only defined as a paraphilia if harm or distress to themselves or other people

BRING NETEYAM BACKKKKKK

Question 4

youre reminder to tell eli to shut the fuck up

Answer 4

<3333

Question 5

What is fetishism (apparently people can have more than feet)

Answer 5

• involves a reliance on an inanimate object for sexual arousal
• the person with fetishism, normally male, has recurrent and intense sexual urges towards non-living objects, for example, women’s shoes (back to the feet apparently)
• the attraction felt by the fetishist towards the object has a compulsive quality
• the object acts as a sexual stimulant and the arousal is overwhelmingly strong

Question 6

What is the definition of paedophilia? (theres no joke because its not a joke)

Answer 6

Adults who derive sexual gratification through physical and often sexual content with prepubertal children unrelated to them (cos that’s a different problem…)

Question 7

What is incest (i mean sandro is subject to this maybe he should take the floor)

Answer 7

• sexual relations between close relatives for whom marriage is forbidden
• this is common for siblings but some occurrences are between father and daughter
• it is believed that incest is more prevalence in families where the mother is absent or disabled
• the main differences between incest and paedophilia are:
• incest occurs in families
• victims tend to be older than paedophile victims

Question 8

What are the rates of women and men who had been sexually abused (don’t do what i think you’re going to do)

Answer 8

out of the 796 college students
19% of women
8.6% of men

Question 9

How many of the abused women and men have had incestuous relations

Answer 9

28% of abused women and 23% of men

Question 10

Does this study of sexual abuse and incest have temporal validity

Answer 10

Yes, it was recently be repeated and had similar results

Question 11

What is the recent rate of children reporting sexual abuse

Answer 11

It has increased from 50% to 500%

Question 12

What is voyeurism

Answer 12

• A marked preference for obtaining sexual gratification by watching others in a state of undress or having sexual relations
• For some men, voyeurism is the only sexual activity they engage in
• The arousal is not about seeing someone naked in front of them, it is about the person not know that they are being watched (some voyeurism involves watching couples having sex without knowing they are being watched)

Question 13

What is exhibitionism

Answer 13

• obtaining sexual gratification by exposing ones genitals to an unwilling stranger sometimes a child
• they rarely have actual contact with the person
• anxiety and restlessness has also been associated with exhibitionism as well as sexual arousal
• due to the compulsive nature of it, it can occur frequently and often in the same place and the individual is normally unaware of the social and legal consequences
• over half of the exhibitionsits are married but may not receive sexual gratification from their partner (okay that’s a little sad)

Question 14

What is sexual sadism (this is becoming worrying…)

Answer 14

• preference for obtaining or increading sexual gratification by inflicting pain or psychological suffering on another
• this is seen in both gay and straight relationships
• some are female (20-30% of sadomasochistic club members are female)
• alcoholism is very common in sadists
• the disorder seems to begin in early adulthood and most sadists are relatively comfortable with their unconventional sexual practices
• generally sadists lead very ‘normal’ lives and tend to be highly educated and earn above average income

HAVE FUN LEARNING DAT BITCHES

Question 15

ur reminder not to take the sexual preferences test, because its wayyy too long :)))

Answer 15

thanks bestiessss

Question 16

What are some theories behind paraphilias (psychodynamic)

Answer 16

• paraphilias are defensive in nature, gurading the ego from dealing with repressed fears, memories or fixations at pregnital stages of childhood sexual development
• they tend to be immature, shunted and inadequate socially and sexually in an adult world
• they tend to find sex with women very frightening and do not believe they are adequate to fulfil them sexually

Question 17

What are some theories behind paraphilias for behavioural approach

Answer 17

• research reports classical conditioning as a cause of paraphilia behaviour. as a child, the individual may have become fixated with a stimulus that was considered culturally inappropriate and this fixation continues into adulthood
• an individual may have previously masturbated to a picture of a woman wearing leather boots and they have conditioned themselves to believe that the boots made them reach orgasm. this conditioning can lead to fetishism for leather boots or both
  OKAY IM OUT NOPE NOPE NOPE

Question 18

What are some theories behind paraphilias for cognitive approach

Answer 18

• cognitively research reports that individuals tend to have been sexual and physically abused and have a parent-child disturbed relationship
• alcohol does play a role in paraphilias behaviour; research has reported that individuals have claimed alcohol has allowed them to act inhibited
• distortions also play a role: the individual may believe that the viticm wanted to have sex with them and encouraged the act to take place

Question 19

What are some theories behind paraphilias for the biological approach

Answer 19

• Some theories have claimed that androgen, the main male hormone, is underdeveloped and causes paraphilias behaviour
• As all foetuses begin development as females, research suggests that the male hormone is reduced and does not develop properly
• there are also reports of damaged temporal lobe in individuals who engage in sadism

Question 20

What are the different types of rape (cannot believe i am writing this)

Answer 20

• forced rape: sexual intercourse with an unwilling partner (BUT UNCONCIOUS PEOPLE DO NOT WANT TEA)
• statutory rape: sexual intercourse with a minor (ooookayyyy…)
• date rape: occurs on a date and often included the rapist drugging the victim before hand

Question 21

How many rapes are to do with intoxication

Answer 21

70%

Question 22

What is the statistical infrequency

Answer 22

• Deciding if a behaviour is abnormal by looking at the number of times we observe it
• A statistically rare behaviour would be seen as ‘abnormal’
• Any ‘usual behaviour’ is ‘normal’ and any behaviour that is different is ‘abnormal’

Question 23

What are some strengths of statistical infrequency

Answer 23

It is an obvious and relatively quick and easy way to define abnormality
Real-life application: it is relatively easy to determine abnormality using psychometric tests developed using statistical methods

Question 24

What are some limitations of statistical infrequency

Answer 24

• Desirability of behaviour: many behaviours are rare but considered highly desirable (high IQ, great athletic ability), it is difficult to know how far you have to deviate from the average to be considered abnormal
• Benefits of a label: someone who is living a happy and fulfilled life may not benefit from a label regardless of how ‘abnormal’ they may be considered. In fact a label of ‘abnormal’ could be detrimental not helpful
• Statistically very frequent, but still classified as abnormal - e.g depression
• Cultural and historical relativism - what is statistically frequent and acceptable in one culture and time period is not necessarily the norm in another; for example, arranged marriages are statistically frequent in India, Marijuana smoking is statistically frequent in Jamaica

Question 25

What is a strength of a social norm

Answer 25

Real life application in terms of diagnosis, for example, antisocial personality disorder

Question 26

What are some limitations of social norms

Answer 26

• Historical issues: until early 20th century, unmarried women who became pregnant were interred in mental institutions; until the 1960s in the UK homosexual acts were criminal offences; until 1973 in USA homosexuality was a mental disorder
• Cultural issues: Russia - a diagnosis of insanity was used to detain political dissidents; Japan - you are deemed insane if you do not want to work; western societies - you can plead insanity as a defence; African/Indian cultures consider in normal to talk to the dead

Question 27

What is the failure to function adequately

Answer 27

An ability to cope with day-to-day life caused by psychological distress or comfort which may lead to harm of self or others
nice and light topic :D

Question 28

What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for personal distress? (ik that was worded really weirdly but basically the criteria (for ftfa) is a list (more flashcards with the rest of them coming yw) and personal distress is one of them so just describe what it is)

Answer 28

The person may get angry/agressive and they may cry often

Question 29

What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for maladaptive behaviour?

Answer 29

Self harm

Question 30

What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for irrationality and incomprehensibility?

Answer 30

There appears to be no good reason why the person should choose to behave that way; they do not listen to reason or common sense
Irrational - doing badly at a maths test - thinking that you will fail all exams in the future

Question 31

What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for unpredictability and loss of control?

Answer 31

Behaviour is often highly unpredictable and inappropriate for the situation. Someone suddenly shouting, showing anger for no apparent reason

Question 32

What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for no longer adheres to interpersonal rules/observer discomfort?

Answer 32

Someone invading your personal space when speaking to you

Question 33

What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for violation of moral standards?

Answer 33

Breaking laws, taboos, unwritten social rules etc

Question 34

What are some strengths of the criteria for the failure to function

Answer 34

Pateints perspective - attemps to include the subjective experience of the individual; although an individual’s assessment of their own distress may be very subjective, it does at least acknowledge the experience of the patient as important

Question 35

What are some limitations of the criteria for the failure to function

Answer 35

Who decices what an acceptable level of functioning is?
Deciding whether someone is distressed or something is distressing is subjective; some patients although they may say that they are distressed may be judged as not suffering

Question 36

What are some more limitations of the criteria for the failure to function

Answer 36

Context of behaviour:
- Some people engage in behaviours that could be considered maladaptive or harmful to self, but we wouldn’t class them as abnormal
- People who have alternative lifestyles may appear to function inadequately, for example a new age traveller not having a permanent address, or a base jumper taking part in a sport with a high mortality rate
Some people have psychological disorders but still function adequately:
- Some ‘abnormal’ people function very well
- After a bereavement most people find it difficult to cope normally, but this does not make them abnormal
Labelling:
- A label gives a stigma that may stick around long after the problem has gone; can affect employment prospects and personal relationships

Question 37

What is deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 37

Jahoda (1958) said that it was better to focus on positive aspects of mental health rather than the negative - so this is seen as a positive attempt to define abnormality

Question 38

Explain the six catagories that clinicians typically relate to mental health (from Jahoda)

Answer 38

PRAISE

Personal growth (self actualisation should reach ur potential)
Reality perception (should know whats real)
Autonomy (should be independent and our ability to make our own decisions)
Integration (should ‘fit in’ with society and be able to cope with stressful situations)
Self-attitudes (should be positive: high self esteem)
Environmental mastery (should cope in your environment, be able to function at work and in relationships, adjust to new situations and solve problems)

Question 39

What is a strength of the PRAISE categories

Answer 39

Its comprehensive; it covers a broad range of criteria and covers all aspects of mental health and makes us aware of all the different factors which can affect our mental health

Question 40

What are some limitations of the PRAISE categories

Answer 40

Cultural relativism (cultural bond):
Western individualistic cultures but less so in non-western collectivist cultures where community values are more important
Difficult, if not impossible to meet all the criteria, therefore is everyone mentally unhealthy:
Sadly, very few people reach their full potential; it is unrealistic but might help someone realise they need to seek treatment; possible benefits of stress - do we perform better when we are stressed to a certain level