definitions of abnormaility Flashcards
1
Q
What is a paraphilia
A
something we don’t have hopefully (i mean its 2023, we can all do what we want)
sorry sorry psychology right
um its
a sexual attraction beyond the norm
(basically necrophiliacs and pedophiles :))
2
Q
What is the percentage of men reported voyueristic fantasies of peeping at unsuspecting naked women?
A
50%
WHAT!?
i mean… love is love??
3
Q
What does the DSM-V state about paraphilias
A
Its only defined as a paraphilia if harm or distress to themselves or other people
BRING NETEYAM BACKKKKKK
4
Q
youre reminder to tell eli to shut the fuck up
A
<3333
5
Q
What is fetishism (apparently people can have more than feet)
A
- involves a reliance on an inanimate object for sexual arousal
- the person with fetishism, normally male, has recurrent and intense sexual urges towards non-living objects, for example, women’s shoes (back to the feet apparently)
- the attraction felt by the fetishist towards the object has a compulsive quality
- the object acts as a sexual stimulant and the arousal is overwhelmingly strong
6
Q
What is the definition of paedophilia? (theres no joke because its not a joke)
A
Adults who derive sexual gratification through physical and often sexual content with prepubertal children unrelated to them (cos that’s a different problem…)
7
Q
What is incest (i mean sandro is subject to this maybe he should take the floor)
A
- sexual relations between close relatives for whom marriage is forbidden
- this is common for siblings but some occurrences are between father and daughter
- it is believed that incest is more prevalence in families where the mother is absent or disabled
- the main differences between incest and paedophilia are:
- incest occurs in families
- victims tend to be older than paedophile victims
8
Q
What are the rates of women and men who had been sexually abused (don’t do what i think you’re going to do)
A
out of the 796 college students
19% of women
8.6% of men
9
Q
How many of the abused women and men have had incestuous relations
A
28% of abused women and 23% of men
10
Q
Does this study of sexual abuse and incest have temporal validity
A
Yes, it was recently be repeated and had similar results
11
Q
What is the recent rate of children reporting sexual abuse
A
It has increased from 50% to 500%
12
Q
What is voyeurism
A
- A marked preference for obtaining sexual gratification by watching others in a state of undress or having sexual relations
- For some men, voyeurism is the only sexual activity they engage in
- The arousal is not about seeing someone naked in front of them, it is about the person not know that they are being watched (some voyeurism involves watching couples having sex without knowing they are being watched)
13
Q
What is exhibitionism
A
- obtaining sexual gratification by exposing ones genitals to an unwilling stranger sometimes a child
- they rarely have actual contact with the person
- anxiety and restlessness has also been associated with exhibitionism as well as sexual arousal
- due to the compulsive nature of it, it can occur frequently and often in the same place and the individual is normally unaware of the social and legal consequences
- over half of the exhibitionsits are married but may not receive sexual gratification from their partner (okay that’s a little sad)
14
Q
What is sexual sadism (this is becoming worrying…)
A
- preference for obtaining or increading sexual gratification by inflicting pain or psychological suffering on another
- this is seen in both gay and straight relationships
- some are female (20-30% of sadomasochistic club members are female)
- alcoholism is very common in sadists
- the disorder seems to begin in early adulthood and most sadists are relatively comfortable with their unconventional sexual practices
- generally sadists lead very ‘normal’ lives and tend to be highly educated and earn above average income
HAVE FUN LEARNING DAT BITCHES
15
Q
ur reminder not to take the sexual preferences test, because its wayyy too long :)))
A
thanks bestiessss
16
Q
What are some theories behind paraphilias (psychodynamic)
A
- paraphilias are defensive in nature, gurading the ego from dealing with repressed fears, memories or fixations at pregnital stages of childhood sexual development
- they tend to be immature, shunted and inadequate socially and sexually in an adult world
- they tend to find sex with women very frightening and do not believe they are adequate to fulfil them sexually
17
Q
What are some theories behind paraphilias for behavioural approach
A
- research reports classical conditioning as a cause of paraphilia behaviour. as a child, the individual may have become fixated with a stimulus that was considered culturally inappropriate and this fixation continues into adulthood
- an individual may have previously masturbated to a picture of a woman wearing leather boots and they have conditioned themselves to believe that the boots made them reach orgasm. this conditioning can lead to fetishism for leather boots or both
OKAY IM OUT NOPE NOPE NOPE
18
Q
What are some theories behind paraphilias for cognitive approach
A
- cognitively research reports that individuals tend to have been sexual and physically abused and have a parent-child disturbed relationship
- alcohol does play a role in paraphilias behaviour; research has reported that individuals have claimed alcohol has allowed them to act inhibited
- distortions also play a role: the individual may believe that the viticm wanted to have sex with them and encouraged the act to take place
19
Q
What are some theories behind paraphilias for the biological approach
A
- Some theories have claimed that androgen, the main male hormone, is underdeveloped and causes paraphilias behaviour
- As all foetuses begin development as females, research suggests that the male hormone is reduced and does not develop properly
- there are also reports of damaged temporal lobe in individuals who engage in sadism
20
Q
What are the different types of rape (cannot believe i am writing this)
A
- forced rape: sexual intercourse with an unwilling partner (BUT UNCONCIOUS PEOPLE DO NOT WANT TEA)
- statutory rape: sexual intercourse with a minor (ooookayyyy…)
- date rape: occurs on a date and often included the rapist drugging the victim before hand
21
Q
How many rapes are to do with intoxication
A
70%
22
Q
What is the statistical infrequency
A
- Deciding if a behaviour is abnormal by looking at the number of times we observe it
- A statistically rare behaviour would be seen as ‘abnormal’
- Any ‘usual behaviour’ is ‘normal’ and any behaviour that is different is ‘abnormal’
23
Q
What are some strengths of statistical infrequency
A
It is an obvious and relatively quick and easy way to define abnormality
Real-life application: it is relatively easy to determine abnormality using psychometric tests developed using statistical methods
24
Q
What are some limitations of statistical infrequency
A
- Desirability of behaviour: many behaviours are rare but considered highly desirable (high IQ, great athletic ability), it is difficult to know how far you have to deviate from the average to be considered abnormal
- Benefits of a label: someone who is living a happy and fulfilled life may not benefit from a label regardless of how ‘abnormal’ they may be considered. In fact a label of ‘abnormal’ could be detrimental not helpful
- Statistically very frequent, but still classified as abnormal - e.g depression
- Cultural and historical relativism - what is statistically frequent and acceptable in one culture and time period is not necessarily the norm in another; for example, arranged marriages are statistically frequent in India, Marijuana smoking is statistically frequent in Jamaica
25
What is a strength of a social norm
Real life application in terms of diagnosis, for example, antisocial personality disorder
26
What are some limitations of social norms
- Historical issues: until early 20th century, unmarried women who became pregnant were interred in mental institutions; until the 1960s in the UK homosexual acts were criminal offences; until 1973 in USA homosexuality was a mental disorder
- Cultural issues: Russia - a diagnosis of insanity was used to detain political dissidents; Japan - you are deemed insane if you do not want to work; western societies - you can plead insanity as a defence; African/Indian cultures consider in normal to talk to the dead
27
What is the failure to function adequately
An ability to cope with day-to-day life caused by psychological distress or comfort which may lead to harm of self or others
nice and light topic :D
28
What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for personal distress? (ik that was worded really weirdly but basically the criteria (for ftfa) is a list (more flashcards with the rest of them coming yw) and personal distress is one of them so just describe what it is)
The person may get angry/agressive and they may cry often
29
What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for maladaptive behaviour?
Self harm
30
What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for irrationality and incomprehensibility?
There appears to be no good reason why the person should choose to behave that way; they do not listen to reason or common sense
Irrational - doing badly at a maths test - thinking that you will fail all exams in the future
31
What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for unpredictability and loss of control?
Behaviour is often highly unpredictable and inappropriate for the situation. Someone suddenly shouting, showing anger for no apparent reason
32
What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for no longer adheres to interpersonal rules/observer discomfort?
Someone invading your personal space when speaking to you
33
What is the description for the criteria of the failure to function adequately for violation of moral standards?
Breaking laws, taboos, unwritten social rules etc
34
What are some strengths of the criteria for the failure to function
Pateints perspective - attemps to include the subjective experience of the individual; although an individual's assessment of their own distress may be very subjective, it does at least acknowledge the experience of the patient as important
35
What are some limitations of the criteria for the failure to function
Who decices what an acceptable level of functioning is?
Deciding whether someone is distressed or something is distressing is subjective; some patients although they may say that they are distressed may be judged as not suffering
36
What are some more limitations of the criteria for the failure to function
Context of behaviour:
- Some people engage in behaviours that could be considered maladaptive or harmful to self, but we wouldn't class them as abnormal
- People who have alternative lifestyles may appear to function inadequately, for example a new age traveller not having a permanent address, or a base jumper taking part in a sport with a high mortality rate
Some people have psychological disorders but still function adequately:
- Some 'abnormal' people function very well
- After a bereavement most people find it difficult to cope normally, but this does not make them abnormal
Labelling:
- A label gives a stigma that may stick around long after the problem has gone; can affect employment prospects and personal relationships
37
What is deviation from ideal mental health
Jahoda (1958) said that it was better to focus on positive aspects of mental health rather than the negative - so this is seen as a positive attempt to define abnormality
38
Explain the six catagories that clinicians typically relate to mental health (from Jahoda)
PRAISE
Personal growth (self actualisation should reach ur potential)
Reality perception (should know whats real)
Autonomy (should be independent and our ability to make our own decisions)
Integration (should 'fit in' with society and be able to cope with stressful situations)
Self-attitudes (should be positive: high self esteem)
Environmental mastery (should cope in your environment, be able to function at work and in relationships, adjust to new situations and solve problems)
39
What is a strength of the PRAISE categories
Its comprehensive; it covers a broad range of criteria and covers all aspects of mental health and makes us aware of all the different factors which can affect our mental health
40
What are some limitations of the PRAISE categories
Cultural relativism (cultural bond):
Western individualistic cultures but less so in non-western collectivist cultures where community values are more important
Difficult, if not impossible to meet all the criteria, therefore is everyone mentally unhealthy:
Sadly, very few people reach their full potential; it is unrealistic but might help someone realise they need to seek treatment; possible benefits of stress - do we perform better when we are stressed to a certain level
