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cognitive approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cognitive approach overall

A

How our mental processes for example thoughts, perceptions and attention affect our behaviour

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2
Q

What is the assumption of this approach to do with our brain’s capacity

A

Our mental systems have a limited capacity - the amount of information that can be processed will be influenced by how demanding the task is and how much other information is processed

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3
Q

What is the assumption of this approach to do with control mechanisms

A

A control mechanism oversees all mental processes - this will require more processing power for new tasks, leaving less available for everything else

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4
Q

What is the assumption of this approach to do with the flow of information

A

There is a two-way flow of information - we take in information from the world, process it and react to it and we also use our knowledge and experiences to understand the world

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5
Q

What are the main research methods used

A
  1. laboratory experiments - very scientific and reliable and well controlled
  2. field experiments - takes place in a natural situation
  3. natural experiments - making observations in a naturally occurring situation
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6
Q

What is the flow of the information processing model

A

Input –> processing –> output

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7
Q

What is the information processing model used for

A
  • used to explain mental processes
  • used to make inferences (intelligent guesses) about mental processes
  • compares a human to a computer
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8
Q

What is the schema

A

A ‘package’ of ideas and information developed through experience and helps you to organise and interpret information and experiences

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9
Q

What does schema affect

A

Behaviour

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10
Q

What is role schema

A

Ideas about the behaviour which is expected from someone in a certain role, setting or situation

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11
Q

What is event schema

A

These are also called scripts and contain information about what happens in a situation

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12
Q

What is self-schemas

A

They contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality as well as beliefs and values and they can affect how you act

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13
Q

What are some problems with schema

A

They can stop people from learning new information
- prejudice and stereotypes can be an outcome of schemas
- schema which hold expectations or beliefs about a certain subgroup of people may bias the way we process incoming information

This can lead to faulty conclusions and unhelpful behaviour and perception errors

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14
Q

Who commenced the emergence of the cognitive approach

A

Paul Broca in the 1860s and he identified damage to the frontal lobe could permanently affect speech

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15
Q

Who formed the ‘cognitive neuroscience’ and when

A

Miller in the 1970s

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16
Q

What is the lesion study method used for (brain scanning)

A

To see if the brain damage changes behaviour

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17
Q

What is the electrophysiology method used for (brain scanning)

A

Using electric and magnetic fields to measure brain activity and brain waves

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18
Q

What is the neuroimaging method used for (brain scanning)

A

Pinpointing areas of the brain which are active when a task is performed

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19
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

20
Q

What happens in the hippocampus

A

Regulates emotions, learning and memory

21
Q

What happens in the amygdala

A

`Processes emotions

22
Q

What happens in the medulla oblongata and brain stem and what is it responsible for

A

Unconscious brain controls heart rate, breathing and swallowing

23
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for

A

Co-ordination and balance

24
Q

What happens in the corpus callosum

A

Is the bridge between the two sides of the brain and integrates motor, sensory and cognitive performance

25
Q

Label this brain (warning not all may need to be included)

A

A = parietal labe | B = gyrus of the cerebrum | C = corpus callosum | D = frontal lobe
E = thalamus | F = hypothalamus | G = pituitary gland | H = midbrain
J = pons | K = medulla oblongata | L = cerebellum | M = transverse fissure | N = occipital lobe

26
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

A

Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control as well as personality

27
Q

What is the motor cortex responsible for

A

Movement

28
Q

What is the sensory cortex responsible for

A

Sensations

29
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for

A

Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic and spelling

30
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

A

Vision

31
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

A

Memory, understanding, language

32
Q

What did Tulving et al. do

A
  • He used PET and fMRI scans to systematically observe neurological basis in mental processing
  • Tasking involving episodic (personal memory store) and semantic (knowledge of the world store) memory may be located at different sides of the pre-frontal cortex
33
Q

What is the left-side of the brain responsible for

A

Involved in recalling semantic memories

34
Q

What is the right-side of the brain responsible for

A

Involved in recalling episodic memories

35
Q

What did Braver et al. do?

A
  • Participants were given tasks that involved the central executive whilst having their brain scanned
  • greater activity in the left pre-frontal cortex - the activity increased as the task became harder
  • working memory model - as demands on the CE increase, it has to work harder to fulfil its activity
36
Q

What part of the brain is involved in the processing of unpleasant emotions

A

The left parahippocampal gyrus

37
Q

What is linked to the left parahippocampal gyrus

A

OCD and impairment to frontal lobes (controls logical thinking)

38
Q

Label the lobes shown in this diagram

A

Blue - frontal lobe
Yellow - parietal lobe
Pink - occipital lobe
Green - Temporal lobe

39
Q

What are some advantages of the scientific methods used in this approach

A
  • Employs highly controlled and rigorous methods of study in order to enable researchers to infer cognitive processes at work
  • Lab experiments - reliable and objective data produced
  • biology and cognitive psychology now work together
  • credible scientific basis
40
Q

What are some negatives of this approach to do with machine reductionism

A
  • ignores the influence of human emotion and motivation on the cognitive system and how this may affect our ability to process information
  • human have an unreliable and unlimited memory - computers have a limit but it is reliable
41
Q

Give some negatives of this approach to do with application to every day life

A
  • Only able to infer mental processes from behaviours observed
  • Too abstract and theoretical in nature
  • Use artificial stimuli that may not represent everyday memory experience
  • May lack external validity
42
Q

Give a positive of this approach to do with mental health

A

CBT (cognitive behavioural theory)
- Patients learn how to notice negative/faulty thought conditions and test how accurate they are
- Goals are set to think positively/adapt thoughts

43
Q

What is a real-life application of this approach

A

Cognitive psychology has made important contributitions to the study of artificial intelligence (AI) and the development of thinking machines (robots)

44
Q

What is determinism

A

It proposes that all behaviour has a cause and is predictable

45
Q

Is this approach more or less deterministic than other approaches

A

Less - it recognises that our cognitive system can only operate within the limits of what we know, but that we are free to think before responding to a stimulus

psychology (27 decks)

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