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Y12 AS Chemistry > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of kinetic energy that particles need to have in order to react when they collide

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2
Q

Addition polymer

A

A long chain molecule formed by an addition reaction

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3
Q

Alcohol

A

Substance with general formula CnH2n+1OH

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4
Q

Aldehyde

A

A substance with general formula CnH2nO which has a hydrogen and one alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom

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5
Q

Alkane

A

Hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

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6
Q

Alkene

A

Hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n, containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond

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7
Q

Atom economy

A

A measure of the proportion of reactant atoms that become part of the desired product in a balanced chemical reaction

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

Avogadro’s constant

A

6.02 x 10^23

Number of particles in one mole of a substance

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10
Q

Barium meal

A

A suspension of barium sulphate swallowed by a patient before an x-ray

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11
Q

Benedicts solution

A

A deep blue solution containing Cu2+ ions which are reduced to a brick-red precipitate of Cu2O when warmed with an aldehyde, stays blue when warmed with a ketone

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12
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuel made from biological material thats recently died

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13
Q

Bond enthalpy

A

The enthalpy required to break a bond between two atoms

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14
Q

Calorimetry

A

Method of finding out how much energy is given out or taken in by a reaction

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15
Q

Carbocation

A

An organic ion containing a positively charged carbon atom

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16
Q

Carbonyl compound

A

A compound that contains a carbon-oxygen double bond

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17
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

A substance which has a COOH group attached to the end of a carbon chain

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18
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy. It is chemically unchanged

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19
Q

Chain isomer

A

Organic molecule that contains the same atoms and functional groups as another molecule but has a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

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20
Q

Charge cloud

A

An area in an atom or molecule where theres a high chance of finding an electron pair

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21
Q

Chloroalkane

A

An alkane with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted for chlorine atoms

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22
Q

Closed system

A

A system where nothing can get in or out

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23
Q

Collision theory

A

The theory that a reaction will not take place between two particles unless they collide in the right direction with a certain minimum amount of kinetic energy

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24
Q

Complete combustion

A

Burning a substance completely in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water only

25
Q

Co-ordinate bond (Dative covalent)

A

A covalent bond formed when one atom provides both of the shared electrons

26
Q

Covalent bond

A

A pair of electrons shared between two atoms

27
Q

Cracking

A

Breaking longer chain alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons

28
Q

Crude oil

A

Mixture consisting mainly of alkane hydrocarbons that can be separated into different fractions

29
Q

Cycloalkane

A

A type of alkane where the carbon atoms form a ring, with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon

30
Q

Dehydration

A

Reaction where water is eliminated

31
Q

Dipole

A

Difference in charge between two atoms caused by a shift in the electron density in a bond

32
Q

Displacement reaction

A

A reaction where a more reactive element pushes out a less reactive element and takes its place

33
Q

Disproportionation

A

When an element is both oxidised and reduced in a single chemical reaction

34
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

In a reversible reaction, dynamic equilibrium is reached when the concentrations of the reactants and products are constant and the forward and reverse reactions are equal

35
Q

E-Isomer

A

A stereoisomer of an alkene that has two highest priority groups on opposite sides of the carbon - carbon double bond

36
Q

Electronegativity

A

The power of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

37
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron-pair acceptor

38
Q

Electrophilic addition

A

Reaction mechanism where a C=C bond in an alkene opens up and atoms are added to the carbon atoms

39
Q

Electrospray ionisation

A

Method of producing ions for analysis in a mass spectrometer by applying high pressure and high voltage to a sample of a substance

40
Q

Elimination reaction

A

A reaction in which a molecule loses an atom or groups or atoms

41
Q

Empirical formula

A

A formula that gives you the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

42
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Reaction which absorbs energy

Positive value for enthalpy change

43
Q

Equilibrium constant

A

A ratio worked out from the concentration of the products and reactants once a reversible reaction has reached equilibrium

44
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Reaction which gives out energy

Negative value for enthalpy change

45
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

Type of stereoisomerism caused by restricted rotation around the double bond

46
Q

Fehling’s solution

A

Deep blue Cu2+ complex which reduces to a brick red Cu2O precipitate when warmed with an aldehyde and stays blue when warmed with a ketone

47
Q

Fingerprint region

A

Region between 1000cm3 and 1550cm3 on an infrared spectrum which is unique to a particular compound

48
Q

First ionisation energy

A

The energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous +1 ions

49
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Method of separating crude oil fractions using their boiling points

50
Q

Free radical

A

A particle with an unpaired electron

51
Q

Functional group

A

Group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule

52
Q

Functional group isomer

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with the atoms arranged into different functional groups

53
Q

Giant covalent structure

A

A structure consisting of a huge network of covalently bonded atoms

54
Q

Giant ionic lattice structure

A

A regular repeated structure made up of oppositely charged ions and held together by electrostatic attraction

55
Q

Giant metallic lattice structure

A

A regular structure consisting of closely packed positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons

56
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The trapping of energy from the sun that has been absorbed and re-emitted by the earth

57
Q

Halide

A

Negative ion of a halogen

58
Q

Halogenoalkane

A

An alkane with at least one halogen atom in place of a hydrogen atom

59
Q

Hess’ Law

A

The total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken

Y12 AS Chemistry (48 decks)

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