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3 - GI > deck_1672105 > Flashcards

deck_1672105 Flashcards

1
Q

Give four common presentations for abdominal disorders

A

DyspepsiaAbdominal PainConstipationDysphagia

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2
Q

Define dyspepsia

A

Upper abdominal pain

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3
Q

Give four causes of dyspepsia

A

o Chronic peptic ulcer diseaseo GORDo Malignancyo Functional/non ulcer

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4
Q

What is functional dyspepsia?

A

60% of dyspepsiaNo functional problem found to account for symptoms - 3 months of dyspepsia with no structural causes found

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5
Q

What are the three main actions when someone presents with dyspepsia?

A

o Empirical acid suppressiono Non invasive H-pylori testing/eradicationo Early endoscopy

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6
Q

How common is abdominal pain as a presentation?

A

2% of all admissions

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7
Q

What is the first thing you need to do when thinking about abdominal pain?

A

Localise it

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8
Q

How do you localise abdominal pian?

A

Is it intra-peritoneal/extra-peritoneal?What embryological division does it belong to?

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9
Q

WHat are the three embryological divisions of the abdomen and where does pain localise?

A

 Foregut – Up to 2nd part of Duodenum - Epigastric area  Midgut – Up until the distal third of the transverse colon - Peri-umbilical Hindgut – Supra-pubic

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10
Q

Give three causes of foregut pain

A

o Ulcers-epigastric pain Commonly in the first part of the duodenum / lesser curve of the stomacho Pancreatits – Epigastric pain, back pain (retroperitoneal structure)o Gallstones – Epigastric pain, can also get Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) pain. Often refered to as colicky pain (slight misnomer as the pain fairly constant).

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11
Q

Give two examples of causes of midgut pain

A

‘Real’ colicky paino Small bowel – Every 2-3 minuteso Large bowel – Every 10-15 mins

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12
Q

Give four signs and symptoms of small bowel obstruction

A

o Vomiting (fairly early feature)o Abdominal distensiono Xray may show  central abdominal distended loops Circular folds (extending the full width of the bowel lumen)

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13
Q

Give one cause of hindgut pain

A

Sigmoid volvulus

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14
Q

What is a sigmoid volvulus?

A

Causes 8% of all intestinal obstructionTwists on itself or its mesentery, causing bowel obstruction and an interrupted blood supply

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15
Q

What is anorexia?

A

Loss of appetite

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16
Q

Give five causes of anorexia

A

o Subjectively unpleasant food or surroundingso Anxietyo Anger/fearo Symptom of a physical disordero Symptom of a psychological disorder

17
Q

Give five physical causes of anorexia

A

 Cancer (in particular GI tract) Chemotherapy/certain Antibiotics Pregnancy Depression Endocrine disorders

18
Q

What do you need to distinguis between when asking about weight loss?

A

Intentional or unintentional?More than a 5% unintentional weight loss should be investigated

19
Q

What is nausea?

A

Subjective sensation of needing toi vomit

20
Q

Give four causes of nausea

A

o Food poisoning (Staphlococcal, salmonella, E-coli)o Gastroenteritis (viral- Norwalk)o Cholecystitiso Appendicitis

21
Q

HOw is constipation classified?

A

Defecate less than 3 times a week - Change in bowel habit more important

22
Q

Give four causes of constipation

A

DietMedicationDehydrationImmobility

23
Q

Why is a good history necessary for diarrhoea?

A

Many causes which change depending on the time and place of onset

24
Q

What are five categories of diarrhoea?

A

o Secretory (Infection)o Osmotic (Lactose intolerance)o Abnormal Intestinal Motility (Thyrotoxicosis, IBS)o Exudative (Colitis, Cancer)o Malabsorption (Pancreatic enzyme/Bile Salt Deficiency)

25
Q

What is dyspagia?

A

o Difficulty swallowing (solids and liquids)o Differentiate from painful swallowing (Odynophagia)

26
Q

What are two broad categories of dysphagia?

A

Difficulty initating swallowFood sticking in oesophagus

27
Q

Give five causes of bleeding from oesophagus (haematemesis)

A

o Acute/chronic peptic ulcero Mallory-Weiss tear Tear in oesophagus from repetitive retchingo Oesophageal/Gastric Variceso Erosive Oesophagitiso Gastric/Oesophageal cancer

28
Q

Give six causes of rectal bleeding

A

o Angiodysplasia Vascular malformation of the gut blood vesselso Diverticular diseaseo Colonic carcinomao Haemorrhoids/Anal fissureo Inflammatory Bowel Diseaseo Massive upper GI bleed Malaena

29
Q

Give course for hepatic portal vein so superior vena cava

A

Hepatic portal vein -> Left gastric vein-> Oesophageal veins -> Azygous vein -> Upper extremities vein > SVC

30
Q

Give five causes of abdominal distension

A

The five F’so Fato Fluido Faeceso Flatuso Foetus

31
Q

Give three cause sof fluid ascites

A

Liver fialurePortal hypertension Cancer

32
Q

Give two causes of flatulus

A

Aerophagia (air swallowing)Gas production in gut

3 - GI (36 decks)

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