deck_1440939 Flashcards
Name four common disorders of the stomach
• Gastritis• Gastric/duodenal ulceration• Gastric cancer• Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
What is the main symptom of gastric/duodenal ulceration?
• Upper abdominal pain
Give three complications of gastric/duodenal ulceration
• Bleeding• Perforation• Gastric outlet obstruction
What is gastritis?
• Mucosal inflammation• Mucosal breakdown
What is GORD?
• Anti-reflux mechanism fail and there is prolonged contact of gastric juices with lower oesoophageal mucosa
Give four physiological adaptions designed to prevent reflux
• Lower oesophageal sphincter – which is usually closed and transiently relaxes as part of physiology of swallowing to allow bolus to move into stomach • Oesophagus enters stomach in abdominal cavity • Pressure in abdominal cavity is higher than that of thoracic • Right crus of diaphragm acts as sling around the lower oesophagus
Give a clinical feature of GORD
• Dyspepsia ○ Worse on lying down, bending over and when drinking hot drinks
How is GORD investigated?
• Clinical diagnosis made on history alone• Investigations used if dyshagia present or hiatus hernia suspected
What are two overarching methods of managing GORD?
• Lifestyle• Medication
Give three changes in lifestyle which can prevent GORD
• Lose weight• Stop smoking• Reduce alcohol intake• Reduce consumption of aggravating foods
Give four medications which can be used to medicate GORD
• Simple antacids (CaCO3)• Raft antacids (Gaviscone, creates protective raft which sits on top of stomach contents to prevent reflux• PPI • H2 antagonist
Give a complication of GORD
• Barrets-oesophagus • Stratified squamous cells -> Gastric cells
Why do anti-cholinergics increase risk of GORD?
• Relax LOS
What proportion of population over 50 have gastric leiomyoma?
• 50%
What is a gastric leiomyoma?
• Benign tumour which is often accidentally discovered
What is the frequency of gastric carninoma?
• 15/100,000
What are the main symptoms of gastric carcinoma?
• Abdominal pain• Weight loss• NAV (nausea, vomiting, anorexia)Anaemia
How is gastric carcinoma diagnosed?
• Endoscopy • Barium meal
What are two types of gastric carcinoma?
• Glandular adenocarcinoma• Diffuse, spreading type adenocarcinoma
What is chronic gastritis?
• Chronic inflmmation of stomach lining
What is a key symptom of chronic gastritis?
• pernicious anaemia
How does pernicous anaemia come about as a result of chronic gastritis?
• Loss of parietal cells• Less intrinsic factor• Less absorption of B12 (needs intrinsic factor)• Down with RBC
What is peptic ulcer disease?
• A break in superficial epithelial cells penetrating down into muscularis mucosa of either stomach or duodenum
Where are duodenal ulcers usually found?
• In duodenal cap
Where are gastric ulcers usually found?
Lesser curvature of the stomach
Why are gastric ulcers usually found in less curvature of the stomach?
• More contact with irritants• More exposure to ulcerogenic refluxed acid
What is a peptic ulcer?
• Gastric ulcers are exclusively stomach relatedPeptic ulcers can be stomach related, but are predominantly duodenal
Give the two leading causes of peptic ulcers in the developed world
• H pylori• NSAIDS
How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause peptic ulcers?
• Inhibits cox-1, enzyme response for conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin• Prostaglandins produce protective unstirred layer of mucus This is lost with NSAID use
What % of patients have duodenal ulcers at somepoint in their lives?
15%
How many times more common are duodenal ulcers than gastric?
• 4:1 times
Give general symptoms of peptic ulcers
• Recurrent, burning epigastric pain • Nausea• Vomiting
How does the diagnosis of duodenal ulcers differ from gastric?
• Duodenal ulcers - Pain worse at night and when hungry, relieved by eating• Gastric ulcers - Pain caused by eating food
What can occur after a long period of time with a gastric ulcer
• Ulcer can perforate blood vessels, causing haematamesis (vomiting of blood)
What can the clinical features of gastric ulcers be confused for?
• Gastric carcinoma
Outline three investigations for suspected peptic ulcers
• Investigate H. Pylori• Endoscopy • Barium meal
What is the management of peptic ulcer disease?
• If due to H pyloiri infection, triple therapyReview NSAID use
What is a major complication of peptic ulcer disease?
• Iron defiency anaemia due to acute GI bleed• Haematmesis and melena• Perforation into peritoneal cavityGastric outlet obstruction
Where can a gastric obstruction be present?
Where can a gastric obstruction be present?• Pre-pyloric, pyloric or duodenal
What is gastric obstruction as a result of peptic ulcer due to?
• Oedema with active ulcerFibrosis of ulcer
What does persistent penetrating pain from peptic ulcer indicate?
• Penetration of ulcer to other organs
What is H pylori?
• Bacteria - Gram negative• Motile, aerobic• Urease producing • Adheres to gastric mucosa• Produces cytotoxins• Strong association with gastritis
How do H pylori survive the acidic conditions of the stomach?
• Production of urease produces ammonia, which neutralises acidic environment which allows bacterium to survive
How is H pylori diagnosed?
• IgG detected in serum (good sensitivity and specificity)• 13C-urea breath test• Gastric sample by endoscopy and detect by histology and culture
What is the 13Curea-breath test?
• 13Curea ingested - If H.pylori present the urease produced will break down 13C-urea to NH3 and CO2• Carbon 13 will be detected in CO2 on exhalation
Give one thing other than helicobacter pylori which causes gastric ulceration
• NSAIDS
Outline the treatment for Helicobacter pylori
• Triple therapy ○ PPI - omeprazole ○ Two antibiotics - Clarithomycin/amoxicillin ○ H2 anatagonist
How effective is standard eradication therapy of H. Pylori?
• 80-90% chance of eradication
Outline three diseases which H.pylori increase risk of
• Gastritis• Peptic ulcer disease• Gastric disease
What does chronic gastritis cause?
• Hypergastrinaemia due to gastrin release from astral G cells -> This increased acid production is usually asymptomatic, but can lead to duodenal ulceration
What factors are implicated in the development of duodenal ulcers in people with H.pylori
• Genetic predispositions, bacterial virulence, increased gastrin secretion and smoking
How does H. Pylori cause peptic ulcers?
• Causes elevated levels of gastrin due to G-cell hyperplasia, predisposing to gastric ulcerationLess HCO3- produced, lives in mucus
Give two ways in which acid secretion may be reduced by drugs
• H2 antagonistsPPI
