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Question 1

What is the normal epithelium of the oesophagus?

Answer 1

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 2

Approximately how long is the oesophagus?

Answer 2

25cm

Question 3

What is the distance from the incisor teeth to the oesophago gastric junction? Why is this clinically important?

Answer 3

38-40cmUseful for diagnosis and endoscopy (nasogastric tubes)

Question 4

What is Barret’s oesophagus?

Answer 4

Metaplasia of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to simple columnar gastric epitheliumCaused by repeated exposure to gastric acid

Question 5

Is Barret’s oesophagus a direct indication of cancer?

Answer 5

No, but can be considered pre-cancerous

Question 6

Name two possible types of cancer that can arise in the oesophagus

Answer 6

Adenocell carcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma

Question 7

Deifne dysphagia

Answer 7

Difficulty swallowing

Question 8

Name three things that may cause dysphagia

Answer 8

TumoursProblems with musculatureNeural problems (achalasia)

Question 9

What are oesophageal varicies?

Answer 9

Swollen and ruptured veins in the oesophagus, which can cause potentially fatal haemorrhage

Question 10

What are oesophageal varicies caused by?

Answer 10

Portal hypertension (drains into oesophageal veins)

Question 11

Name three mechanisms that help to prevent stomach contents refluxing into oesophagus

Answer 11

Pinch valve - angle of entry of oesophagus into stomachMucosal folds at the oesophagogastric junction

Question 12

You’re going on a journey through the stomach. Outline the 6 landmarks you will see

Answer 12

CardiaFundusBodyAntrumPylorisPyloric sphincter

Question 13

Define peptic ulceration

Answer 13

Muscular erosions of greater the 5cm in stomach and duodenum

Question 14

Why is the first part of the duodenum prone to ulceration?

Answer 14

Acidity of chyme and leakage of stomach acid, due to lack of protection - no bicarbonate or bile

Question 15

What is delivered through the duodenal papilla?

Answer 15

WaterBile, hepatic and pancreatic secretions

Question 16

Where does the 14liters of fluid in the gut come from?

Answer 16

1.5l saliva2.5l of gastric secretions9l water + alkali

Question 17

Which part of the GI system absorbs the majority of fluid?

Answer 17

The small intestine (12.5l)

Question 18

If a person had their entire SI removed, what changes would be present in their faeces?

Answer 18

WaterySteatorrhea

Question 19

Name two conditions affection the SI which potentially result in malabsorption

Answer 19

Chrohn’s diseaseCoeliac disease

Question 20

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

Answer 20

A congenital disorder where part of the SI bulges out and is a vestigal remnant of omphalo-mesenteric duct

Question 21

Outline the cool rule surround Meckel’s diverticulum

Answer 21

2% (of the population). 2 feet (proximal to the ileocecal valve). 2 inches (in length). 2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic). 2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation. 2:1 Male:Female ratio

Question 22

What condition can Meckel’s diveritculum be mistaken for?

Answer 22

Acute appendicitis, presents with similar symptoms if inflamed

Question 23

How will someone present clinically if they have a blocked small intestine?

Answer 23

NauseaConstipationVomitLoss of appetite

Question 24

Give two common causes of appendicitis

Answer 24

FaecolithIntestinal worms

Question 25

Where is pain initially felt in appendicitis?

Answer 25

Umbilical pain

Question 26

Where is McBurney’s point, and what is it significant for?

Answer 26

1/3 up from illiac fossa, 2/3 water to umbilicusAppendix location

Question 27

What are diverticula and how do they develop?

Answer 27

Formation of pouches which extend outwards from large hollow organsEmbryonic remmenantDevelop in sigmoid colon, as it experiences highest pressure

Question 28

What is a result of the variable mobility of different parts of the large bowel?

Answer 28

TwistsBlood blockage

Question 29

Where is the dentate line?

Answer 29

1/3 up anusSaw toothed pattern

Question 30

What cancers occur above dentate line?

Answer 30

Adenocarcinoma

Question 31

What cancers occur below dentate line?

Answer 31

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 32

What are haemorrhoids?

Answer 32

Dilated vascular structures which help with stool controlVascular cushion which surround rectum

Question 33

What are the symptoms of piles? (bad haemorrhoids)

Answer 33

Rectal bleedingPain