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3 - GI > deck_1559553 > Flashcards

deck_1559553 Flashcards

1
Q

Where can the largest population of bacteria be found in the GI tract?

A

Colon

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2
Q

What are the beneficial roles that the normal flora found in the body can have?

A

– synthesise and secrete vitamins e.g. K, B12 and thiamine– prevent colonisation by pathogens– kill non-indigenous bacteria– stimulate MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) development in cecum and Peyer’s Patches– stimulate the production of normal antibodies

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3
Q

What are the two main shapes of bacteria?

A

BacilliCocci

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4
Q

What is meant by the term obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria which must have oxygen in order to survive e.g. pseudomonas and mycobacterium TB

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5
Q

What is meant by the term obligate anerobes?

A

Bacteria which will die in the presence of oxygen e.g. bacteriodes fragilis and clostridial organisms.

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6
Q

Give a particular characteristic of clostridia

A

Form protective spores which are able to survive in an oxygenated environment.

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7
Q

What is the most common bacterial in the colon?

A

Bacteriodes fragilis

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8
Q

What is meant by faculative anaerobes?

A

Prefer oxygen, but can live without it e.g. gram negative enteric bacteria such as E coli and gram positive skin dwellers such as staphylococcus

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9
Q

Where are the anaerobic zones in hte GI tract?

A

Small bowelColonParts of the mouth – tongue, deep in the taste buds, in the biofilm between the teeth and in peridontal pockets in people with peridontal disease.

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10
Q

Give some gram positive aerobic cocci

A

StaphylococciStreptococciEnterococci

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11
Q

Give some gram negative aerobic cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidisNeisseria gonorrhoeae

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12
Q

Give some gram positive aerobic bacilli

A

Corynebacterium – diptheriaBacillus – anthraxLactobacilliMycobacterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

Give some gram positive anaerobic bacilli

A

Clostridia– tetani– perfringens– difficile

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14
Q

Give some gram negative aerobic enteric bacilli

A

E coliPseudomonasProteusKlebsiellaSalmonellaShigellaVibrio choleraeCampylobacterHelicobacter pylori

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15
Q

Give some gram negative aerobic non-enteric bacilli

A

Haemophilis influenzaeBordetella pertussisBrucella

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16
Q

Give some gram negative anaerobic bacilli

A

Bacteroides fragilis

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17
Q

Where do you normally find gram negative bacteria present?

A

In the lower bowel

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18
Q

What colour will gram negative bacteria be stained?

A

Red

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19
Q

What colour will gram positive bacteria be stained?

A

Blue

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20
Q

How do bacteria colonise in the body?

A

Slime biofilm Pili form attachments to cells

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21
Q

What is the main type of bacteria found in the mouth?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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22
Q

What are the main types of bacteria found in the mouth?

A

StreptococciStaphylococciCandidaLactobacillusEnterococcus

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23
Q

What effects does streptococci have in the mouth?

A

Streptococcus mutans causes dental caries and gingivitisAlso Ludwig’s angina which is cellulitis occurring in the throat which can compromise the airways

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24
Q

What effects does staphylococci have in the mouth?

A

Staphylococcus aureaus can cause parotitis

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25
Q

WHat effects does candida have in the mouth?

A

Oral thrush – caused by candida albicans

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26
Q

What causes candida infections to occur?

A

Usually is after a course of antibiotics which kill the bacteria in the mouth, allowing candida to grow.

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27
Q

In which groups of people does candida commonly occur?

A

NewbornsDiabetic patientsAsthmatic patients (local immunodeficiency due to steroids)People with immune deificiencies

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28
Q

What effects does lactobacillus have in the mouth?

A

Leads to dental caries and tooth decay

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29
Q

What effects does enterococcus have in the mouth?

A

Can cause tissue destruction in patients who are:Malnourished, dehydrated and immunocompromised. Tissues destruction is known as Noam or Cancrum Oris.

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30
Q

What is the treatment for Candida infections?

A

Amphotercin and nystatin suspension

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31
Q

What bacteria are commonly found in the nose?

A

Staphylococcus Streptococcus

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32
Q

Where are the three sites for MRSA screening swabs?

A

NoseThroatPerineum

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33
Q

Why are certin sites used fro MRSA screening?

A

The three sites are where the staphylococci bacteria are usually found

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34
Q

What commonly causes tonsilitis?

A

Viruses cause 70% of the cases on tonsilitisStrep. pyogenes does cause the other 30%

35
Q

What are the bacteria that are always present in the throat?

A

Streptococcus viridansStaphylococciNeisseria meningitidis

36
Q

Where is lactobacilli usually found?

A

Vagina– makes it acidic so that candida albicans cannot grow

37
Q

What does heamophilus influenzae cause?

A

Community acquired pneumonia and epiglotitis

38
Q

What does streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Community acquired pneumonia

39
Q

When does streptococcus viridans cause infections?

A

It can enter the blood during teeth brushing, dental procedures and general anaesthesia. From here, it can stick to prostheses

40
Q

Give some examples of prostheses

A

Heart valvesOrthopaedic implantsVascular grafts

41
Q

Define bacteraemia

A

Bacteria enter the blood and are rapidly cleared from the blood stream. Do not develop symptoms

42
Q

Define septicaemia

A

Bacteria enter the blood and are not cleared. They multiply in the blood stream and a patient will present with sepsis symptoms

43
Q

What are the symptoms of sepsis?

A

Temperature 38Increased HRIncreased respiratory rateWhite Blood Count (12x10^9/L)– a probable or confirmed infection

44
Q

What are the main viruses that cause tonsillitis?

A

AdenovirusRhinovirusEpstein-Barr virus

45
Q

What can tonsillitis lead to?

A

Quinsy – abscess in tonsil.Must remove pus to relieve symptoms

46
Q

What is oesophageal candidiasis?

A

When candida albicans moves down the throat into the oesophagus

47
Q

What proportion of people are infected with helicobacter pylori?

A

About 50%

48
Q

How many people infected with helicobacter pylori get gastric or duodenal ulcers?

A

10-20%

49
Q

How do you treat gastro-duodenal ulcers?

A

PPIss AntacidsAntibiotics

50
Q

What bacteria are always present in the colon?

A

Bacteroides fragilisBacteroides oralisBacteroides melaninogenicusE coli Enterococcus faecalis

51
Q

What are the top two causes of UTIs?

A

E coli then Enterococcus faecalis

52
Q

When do you perform surgery on the small bowel?

A

When there are abnormal bacteria in the small bowel

53
Q

What is the name given to surgeries of the small bowel and why?

A

Dirty surgery– there is a high risk of wound infection

54
Q

What measures can be take to try and prevent post-operative infections for small bowel surgeries?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics– metronidazole– a broad spectrum anticiotic e.g. gentamicin or cephalosporin

55
Q

What is faecal peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum due to the presence of faeces in the peritoneal cavity.

56
Q

Why does faecal peritonitis occur?

A

Perforation of the sigmoid colon

57
Q

What is the outcome for faecal peritonitis?

A

Has a high mortality rate in young, healthy people. This is due to the high numbers of bacterium free in the peritoneum

58
Q

What are perianal abscesses?

A

Abscesses which occur in the glads in the anal canal which usually produce mucus for lubrication to help in passing faeces.

59
Q

What is lactobacillus?

A

A gram positive bacteria which is mormaly present in the vaginal flora

60
Q

What does lactobacilllus do?

A

Converts glycogen into lactic acid which prevents colonisation by candida albicans

61
Q

What would the growth of candida albicans in the vagina give rise to?

A

Thrush

62
Q

What can lead to vaginal thrush?

A

A course of broad spectrum antibiotics which will kill the natural flora in the vagina

63
Q

What colonic bacteria can survive on perineal skin?

A

E coliEnterococcus faecalisLactobacilusThese will all move around

64
Q

What do more UTIs occur in women?

A

Shorter distance between the anus and the urethra compared to men

65
Q

What is a particular characteristic of pseudomonas?

A

Loves fluid and is able to colonise the legs

66
Q

What type of bacteria is E coli?

A

Gram negative aerobic bacilus

67
Q

What type of bacteria is Enterococcus faecalis?

A

Gram positive anaerobic bacillis

68
Q

What are the three clostridia bacteria found in the colon?

A

TetaniDifficilePerfringens

69
Q

What does clostridium tetani cause?

A

Tetanus– Muscle spasms– Occurs in adults who have not been vaccinated– Ricus sardonicus

70
Q

What clostridium difficile cause?

A

Psaeudomembranous colitis– sever inflammation of the colon– tends to occur after antibiotic treatment– produces spores (present in hospitals)

71
Q

What does clostridium perfringens cause?

A

Gas or wet gangrene– anaerobic digestion of glucose produces ethanol and CO2– digests away the muscles, producing a toxin which is highly susceptible to the heart and can cause cardiac arrest

72
Q

What is the main cause for GI infections?

A

When the ecology of the normal gut flora is disrupted, usually after a treatment of antibiotics.

73
Q

What are the symptoms of noro-virus?

A

Short period of vomiting and diarrhoeaHeadachePainful stomach crampingFeverAching limbs

74
Q

What causes gastroenteritis?

A

Food or drink which has been contaminated with organisms or toxins. Causes vomiting and diarrhoea

75
Q

How can identify the cause of gastroenteritis be deduced?

A

Toxins tend to have a much quicker onset and length of illness – a few hours after eatingOrganisms as the cause tend to occur about 48 hours after ingestion.

76
Q

What are the most common organisms that cause gastroenteritis?

A

SalmonellaCampylobacterLitsteria

77
Q

Describe cholera

A

Is a severe acute infection. Caused by Vibrio cholerae which survives in water supplies.

78
Q

What are the effects of cholera?

A

Has a specific effect on the ileum– leads to massive movement of water and salt into the lumen by active secretion.

79
Q

What are the main complications of cholera?

A

Dehydration from sever diarrhoea

80
Q

What is a characteristic sign of cholera?

A

Rice-water appearance diarrhoea– made up of intestinal secretions and mucus

81
Q

What are some parasites that have an effect on the GI tract?

A

Giardia and cryptosporidium cause gastroenteritis. Helminths cause malabsorption

82
Q

What is the main cause of traveller’s diarrhoea?

A

Enterotoxinogenic E coli– causes by heat stable or labile toxins. – leads to severe, cholera-like water diarrhoea

83
Q

What are the main things that cause intestinal bowel inflammation?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease– ulcerative colitis– chrons disease– diversion colitis– diverticular colitis– radiation– drugs– Ischaemic colitis

3 - GI (36 decks)

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