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3 - GI > deck_1669278 > Flashcards

deck_1669278 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bacteria are there in the GI tract?

A

• 10^14

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2
Q

Give five functions of normal gut flora

A

• Synthesise and excrete vitamins • Prevent colonisation by pathogens • Kill non-indigenous bacteria • Stimulate the development of GALT • Stimulate production of natural antibodies

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3
Q

What vitamins are synthesised and secreted by gut bacteria?

A

• K • B12 • ThiamineRiboflavin

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4
Q

How do gut bacteria prevent colonisation from foreign bacteria?

A

• Space • Bacteriosides

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5
Q

Describe the broad categorisation of bacteria present in the GI tract

A

• Cocci/Bacilli • Gram Positive/Gram Negative • Aerobic/Anaerobic (Obligate or facultative) • Some bacteria form protective endospores ○ Bacillus Anthrax ○ Clostridium Tetani • Bacteria can stick to surfaces using pili and/or slime

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6
Q

What is an obligate aeorobe? Give 2x examples

A

• Bacteria must have oxygen • Pseudomonas • Mycobacterium TB

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7
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe? 2x examples

A

• Die in the presence of oxygen • Bacteroides fragillis Colstridia

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8
Q

What happens to clostridia in the presence of O2?

A

• Forms resilient spores

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9
Q

What is a falcultative anaerobes? 2x examples

A

• Prefer oxygen but can live without it • Gram -‘ve E.coli • Gram +’ve Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Give three anaerobic zones in the GI tract

A

• Parts of the mouth ○ Tounge, deep in taste buds, biofilm between teeth • Small bowelColon

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11
Q

Why can the bacteria of the mouth cause nasty/fatal infections?

A

• Anaerobic

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12
Q

List five types of bacteria found in the mouth

A

• Streptococci • Staphlcocci • Candida • Lactobacillus • Enterococcus

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13
Q

Give a streptococcal bacterium of the mouth and the disease it causes

A

• Streptococcus mutants • Dental caries/Gingivitie

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14
Q

Give a stayphylococcal bacterium of the mouth and the disease it causes

A

• Staphylococcus aureus • Parotitis

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15
Q

Give a candida infection of the mouth

A

• Candida albicans • Oral thrush

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16
Q

What does oral bacteria cause in a malnourished, dehydrated or immunosupressed patient?

A

• Noma, tissue destruction of the mouth

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17
Q

What are dental caries?

A

• Tooth decay • Acid breaks down enamel of teeth

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18
Q

What is oral thrush (oral candiasis)?

A

• Infection of oral cavity by candida albicans

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19
Q

What is Noma?

A

• Destruction of oral tissue

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20
Q

Give two types of bacteria found in the nose

A

• Staphylococcus and streptococcus

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21
Q

What is the nose used as a swabbing place for? What are the other two places used for this swab?

A

• MRSA screening swabs • Throat and perineum also used

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22
Q

What bacteria/fungi are found in the throat?

A

• Strep viridans • Strep pyogenes • Strep pnueumonia • Staphylococci • Neisseria Meningitidis • Haemophilus Influenzea • Lactobacili • Corynebacterium Diptheriae • Candida Albicans

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23
Q

What proportion of population is strep viridians found in? Why is it often found in blood?

A

• 100% of people • During teeth brushing, dental procedures and general anaethesia

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24
Q

What does strep pyogenes cause?

A

• Tonsilitis (30%, 70% is viral)

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25
Q

What does strep pneumoniae cause?

A

Community acquired pneumonia (30%)

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26
Q

What does haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

• Community acquired pneumonia

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27
Q

What do lactobacili do?

A

• Make vagina acidic so candida albicans can’t grow

28
Q

What does corynebacterium do?

A

Causes diptheria

29
Q

What does candida albicans do?

A

• Causes oral/vaginal thrush

30
Q

What are two causes of tonsilitis?

A

• Viral - 70% • Bacterial - 30%

31
Q

Give three viruses which cause tonsilitis

A

• Adenovirus • Rhinovirus • Epstein-barr virus

32
Q

Give a bacterium which causes tonsilitis

A

Strep pyogenes

33
Q

What is the main bcateria found in the stomach?

A

• Helicobacteria pyloria ○ At least 50% of world pop infected ○ 10-20% develop gastroduodenal ulcersAssociated with 90% of duodenal and 70% of gastric ulcers

34
Q

Give the two most common types of bacteria in colon

A

• Anaerobes ○ Bacteroides ○ Clostridial

35
Q

Give five bacteria always present in colon

A

• Bacteroides fragillis • Bacteroides oralis • Bacteroides melaninogenicus • E. Coli – Most common cause of UTI • Enterococcus faecalis – Second most common cause of UTI

36
Q

Give 7 bacteria not previously mentioned sometimes found in colon (gram -‘ve)

A

• Pseudomonas • Proteus • Klebsiella • Salmonella • Shigella • Vibrio cholera • Campylobacter

37
Q

Despite it being sterile, why are surgical procedures on SI considered dirty?

A

• In infection, bacteria will be present and cause a high risk of wound infection

38
Q

How is surgical wound infection reduced in GI surgery?

A

• Prophylactic antibiotics which can cover anaerobes, gram -‘ve and gram +’ve bacilli.

39
Q

Give an antibiotic which kills anaerobes?

A

• Metronizasole

40
Q

Give two broad spectrum antibiotics

A

• Gentamicin • Cephalosporin

41
Q

Give the antibiotics used in antibiotic prophylaxis for GI surgery

A

• Metronidazole • Gentamicin • Cephalosporin

42
Q

What are two surgical complication of GI surgery?

A

• Faecal peritonitis • Perianal abscess

43
Q

What is faecal peritonitis?

A

• As a high mortality rate, even in young, fit people, due to the huge numbers of bacteria floating free in the peritoneum

44
Q

What is a perianal abscess?

A

• Glands in the anal canal produce mucus for lubrication to aid with passing faeces. Infection of them leads to abscess around the anus - perianal abscess

45
Q

What is the normal flora of the vagina?

A

• Lactobacillus (Gram +’ve Bacilli) is a normal vaginal organism

46
Q

What is lactobacillus?

A

• Baccilus which converts glycogen into lactic acid, providing an acidic environment to prevent other bacteria and candida albicans from growing

47
Q

What three gut bacteria are found on the perineal skin?

A

• E.coli • Enterococcus faecalis • Lactobacillus

48
Q

What is bacterioides fragillus not found on perineal skin?

A

Obligate anaerobes

49
Q

Why do the majority of UTI’s occur in women?

A

• Much shorter distance from the anus to the urethra

50
Q

What is the most common causative organisms of UTI?

A

• E.coli • Enterococcus faecalis • Thereafter gram -‘ve bacteria (Klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas)

51
Q

Name three clostridia bacilli

A

• Tetani • DifficilePerfringens

52
Q

What does clostridia tetani cause?

A

Tetanus

53
Q

What does clostridium difficle cause?

A

• Pseudomembranous colitis ○ Severe inflammation of the colon ○ Arises after anti-biotic treatment ○ Produces spores which are present in hospital

54
Q

What does clostridium perfringens cause?

A

• Gas/Wet gangrene • Anaerobic digestion of glucose leads to ethanol + CO2, thus wet or gas gangrene

55
Q

List four types of gastrointestinal infection

A

• Noro-virus • Gastroenteritis • Cholera • Intestinal parasites

56
Q

What is norovirus?

A

• A viral infection which causes a short bout of vomiting and diarrhoea

57
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

• May follow consumption of food or drink contaminated with organisms or toxins • Vomiting and diarrhoea common symptoms. Rapid onset.

58
Q

What are the three most common organisms which cause gastroenteritis?

A

• Salmonella • Campylobacter • Listeria • Staphylococcus Clostridium

59
Q

What organism causes cholera?

A

• Vibrio cholerae

60
Q

What occurs in cholerae?

A

• Vibrio cholerae causes increase in permeability of the ileum, leading to massive movement of water and salt into lumen by active secretion • Leads to very serious diarrhoea

61
Q

What does stool in cholera look like?

A

Cloudy white “rice wate”, as it is made up of intestinal secretions and mucus.

62
Q

What does cholera cause?

A

Rapid, severe dehydration

63
Q

How can cholera be managed?

A

• Oral rehydration solution

64
Q

What is the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia?

A

• Bacteraemia, bacteria are rapidly cleared from blood stream and no symptoms are produced • Sepitcaemia, bacteria are not clearing and multiply in the blood stream. Sepsis symtpoms may develop.

65
Q

discuss the common causes of “travellers diarrhoea”

A

• Enterotoxinogenic E. Coli is a major cause of travellers diarrhoea in developing countriesCaused by heat stable or labile toxins produced from this serotype, which results in severe cholera like watery diarrhoea

66
Q

What are 5 causes of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

• Ulcerative colitis • Chrohn’s disease • Diversion Colitis • Diverticular Colitis • Radiation, drugs, infectious diseases, ischaemic colitis

3 - GI (36 decks)

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