DDT 27 - Nanoparticles - pathologies, toxicity and nanomedicine Flashcards
asbestos is derived from where
from a natural rock mineral, mined or quarried since the 18th century
what was asbestos used for
used as a fire retardant and insulation
when spun and woven it is used in building and constructions in 1900s - 1970s
what does asbestos consist of
consists of strong pliable fibres and can be separated into thread like strands and spun or woven into separate types of bonded material for use
health issues that arise from asbestos
asbestosis - exposure to asbestos increases incidence of pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma
a key characteristic of lung cancer and asbestosis is ..
lag time
neurological disease associated to nanoparticle exposure
parkinson’s disease
alzheimer’s disease
diseases associated to nanoparticle inhalation in lungs
asthma
bronchitis
emphysema
cancer
disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in circulatory system
artheriosclerosis
vasoconstriction
thrombus
high blood pressure
disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in heart
arrythmia
Heart disease
death
disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in lymphatic system
podoconiosis
kaposi’s sarcoma
disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in the skin
auto-immune diseases
dermatitis
disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in orthopaedic implant wear debris
auto-immune diseases
dermatitis
urticaria
vasculitis
disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in gastro-intestinal system
crohn’s disease
colon cancer
a common hallmark of many reactions to nanoparticles is ….
chronic inflammation
properties that emerge when material is reduced to nanoscale
Mechanical, catalytic activity, conductivity, reactivity, optical features, electromagnetic, etc
show increased uptake in and interactions with biological tissues and can alter biological functions
surface volume relationship in nanoparticles
inverse relationship
as the diameter increases the percent surface molecules decreases
what property does nanoparticles have and what response does it elicit
Nanoparticle hydrophobicity can elicit an immune response
how was the hydrophobicity of nanoparticles and immune response relationship explored in experiments
Splenocytes were exposed to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with coatings of different hydrophobicity and the expression of cytokines was measured.The more hydrophobic the gold nanoparticle coating was, the stronger was the induction of an immune response.
name an example of how nanoparticles elicit an immune response
Macrophages respond adversely to Amorphous Silicon Nanoparticles
how does the nanoparticles surface chemistry change in the body
As soon as nanoparticles get in contact with body fluids, proteins will adsorb unless nanoparticles repell them.
toxicity of nanoparticles on food according to newest regulations depends on//
the physical characteristics of the material (i.e. nanometre size), but more so does it depend on its formulation:
nanomedicine
The ability of nanoparticles to interact with biological molecules and cells and to overcome natural barriers make them interesting for medical applications.
- nanoparticles used for drug delivery
different drug carrier systems
nanosphere and nanocapsules
liposomes and polymersomes
micellar systems (linear polymers, star-shaped polymers, dendritic polymers)
conjugates
where are common nanoparticles for drug delivery made from
amphiphilic building blocks - must have hydrophobic and hydrophilic qualities
2 types of drug targeting
passive
active
passive drug targeting
accumulation in target tissue
active drug targeting
specific recognition and uptake by malignant cells
process of crossing endothelium cells in blood vessels in tumours
nanocarriers of appropriate size exploit Enhanced Permeation and Retention effect
typical particle size range 10-500 nm
accumulation in tumour tissue
better selectivity vs healthy tissue
process of active targeting
attach to specific ligands to the surface of pharmaceutical carriers to recognize and bind pathological cells, tissue structures or allow localization and uptake of the drug carrier
Controlled Degradability: Sustained Release
These formulations release the drug over a period of time in a controlled manner
examples of sustained release
Polylactic acid (PLA) or Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA): hydrolysis of ester links
what determines degradation kinetics
size and porosity
