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DDT > DDT 27 - Nanoparticles - pathologies, toxicity and nanomedicine > Flashcards

DDT 27 - Nanoparticles - pathologies, toxicity and nanomedicine Flashcards

1
Q

asbestos is derived from where

A

from a natural rock mineral, mined or quarried since the 18th century

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2
Q

what was asbestos used for

A

used as a fire retardant and insulation

when spun and woven it is used in building and constructions in 1900s - 1970s

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3
Q

what does asbestos consist of

A

consists of strong pliable fibres and can be separated into thread like strands and spun or woven into separate types of bonded material for use

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4
Q

health issues that arise from asbestos

A

asbestosis - exposure to asbestos increases incidence of pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma

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5
Q

a key characteristic of lung cancer and asbestosis is ..

A

lag time

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6
Q

neurological disease associated to nanoparticle exposure

A

parkinson’s disease

alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

diseases associated to nanoparticle inhalation in lungs

A

asthma
bronchitis
emphysema
cancer

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8
Q

disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in circulatory system

A

artheriosclerosis
vasoconstriction
thrombus
high blood pressure

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9
Q

disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in heart

A

arrythmia
Heart disease
death

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10
Q

disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in lymphatic system

A

podoconiosis

kaposi’s sarcoma

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11
Q

disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in the skin

A

auto-immune diseases

dermatitis

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12
Q

disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in orthopaedic implant wear debris

A

auto-immune diseases
dermatitis
urticaria
vasculitis

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13
Q

disease associated to nanoparticle exposure in gastro-intestinal system

A

crohn’s disease

colon cancer

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14
Q

a common hallmark of many reactions to nanoparticles is ….

A

chronic inflammation

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15
Q

properties that emerge when material is reduced to nanoscale

A

Mechanical, catalytic activity, conductivity, reactivity, optical features, electromagnetic, etc
show increased uptake in and interactions with biological tissues and can alter biological functions

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16
Q

surface volume relationship in nanoparticles

A

inverse relationship

as the diameter increases the percent surface molecules decreases

17
Q

what property does nanoparticles have and what response does it elicit

A

Nanoparticle hydrophobicity can elicit an immune response

18
Q

how was the hydrophobicity of nanoparticles and immune response relationship explored in experiments

A

Splenocytes were exposed to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with coatings of different hydrophobicity and the expression of cytokines was measured.The more hydrophobic the gold nanoparticle coating was, the stronger was the induction of an immune response.

19
Q

name an example of how nanoparticles elicit an immune response

A

Macrophages respond adversely to Amorphous Silicon Nanoparticles

20
Q

how does the nanoparticles surface chemistry change in the body

A

As soon as nanoparticles get in contact with body fluids, proteins will adsorb unless nanoparticles repell them.

21
Q

toxicity of nanoparticles on food according to newest regulations depends on//

A

the physical characteristics of the material (i.e. nanometre size), but more so does it depend on its formulation:

22
Q

nanomedicine

A

The ability of nanoparticles to interact with biological molecules and cells and to overcome natural barriers make them interesting for medical applications.
- nanoparticles used for drug delivery

23
Q

different drug carrier systems

A

nanosphere and nanocapsules
liposomes and polymersomes
micellar systems (linear polymers, star-shaped polymers, dendritic polymers)
conjugates

24
Q

where are common nanoparticles for drug delivery made from

A

amphiphilic building blocks - must have hydrophobic and hydrophilic qualities

25
Q

2 types of drug targeting

A

passive

active

26
Q

passive drug targeting

A

accumulation in target tissue

27
Q

active drug targeting

A

specific recognition and uptake by malignant cells

28
Q

process of crossing endothelium cells in blood vessels in tumours

A

nanocarriers of appropriate size exploit Enhanced Permeation and Retention effect
typical particle size range 10-500 nm
accumulation in tumour tissue
better selectivity vs healthy tissue

29
Q

process of active targeting

A

attach to specific ligands to the surface of pharmaceutical carriers to recognize and bind pathological cells, tissue structures or allow localization and uptake of the drug carrier

30
Q

Controlled Degradability: Sustained Release

A

These formulations release the drug over a period of time in a controlled manner

31
Q

examples of sustained release

A

Polylactic acid (PLA) or Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA): hydrolysis of ester links

32
Q

what determines degradation kinetics

A

size and porosity

DDT (21 decks)

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