DDT 25 - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Intervention and Against Waterborne Disease

Question 1

in developing countries what % of al illnesses are caused by water borne diseases

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

what would be considered water related disease

Answer 2

those due to micro-organisms and chemicals in water that people drink

Question 3

examples of water related disease

Answer 3

diseases like schistosomiasis which have part of their lifecycle in water;
diseases like malaria with water-related vectors;
others such as legionellosis carried by aerosols containing certain micro-organisms

Question 4

disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

Answer 4

is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death

Question 5

what % of DALY global burden of disease are from diarrhoeal disease and how many peoples death are from diarrhoeal disease

Answer 5

Diarrhoeal disease alone amounts to an estimated 4.1 % of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year (WHO, 2004

Question 6

types of waterborne disease

Answer 6

biological waterborne disease
chemical waterborne disease
water-washed disease
water-based disease
water related

Question 7

chemical waterborne

Answer 7

Caused by the pollution of water with chemicals that have an adverse effect on health:

Question 8

biological waterborne

Answer 8

Caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement, which contain pathogenic microorganisms:

Question 9

examples of biological waterborne disease

Answer 9

cholera, typhoid, amoebic and bacillary dysentery

Question 10

examples of chemical waterborne disease

Answer 10

Arsenic, Fluoride, Nitrates from fertilizers,

Question 11

water-washed disease

Answer 11

Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin and eye contact with contaminated water

Question 12

examples of water washed disease

Answer 12

scabies,
trachoma,
typhus,
flea

Question 13

water-based disease

Answer 13

Diseases caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water

Question 14

examples of water based disease

Answer 14

Schistosomiasis and Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)

Question 15

water related disease

Answer 15

caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed or feed near contaminated water. They are not typically associated with lack of access to clean drinking water or sanitation services:

Question 16

example of water relate disease

Answer 16

dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis

Question 17

economic consequences of water borne disease

Answer 17

Cost of treatment at clinic.
Cost of transport of patient to clinic.
Cost of medicines.
Loss of income generating opportunities due to time required for parent/caregiver to look after sick family member.

Question 18

WASH programmes

Answer 18

Programmes designed to reduce incidence of waterborne disease in the developing world must adopt a combined approach to educate and introduce interventions that address the inter-linked problems associated with:
Water
Sanitation
Hygiene

Question 19

sanitation

Answer 19

the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater.

Question 20

how many viruses and bacteria and oarasitic cysts and eggs are in 1g of human faeces

Answer 20

10,000,000 viruses
1,000,000 bacteria
1,000 parasitic cysts
100 parasitic eggs

Question 21

what % of feces is microbe fauna

Answer 21

60%

Question 22

slit trench

Answer 22

wide and shallow trench for feet and smaller narrower trench is made to deposit where it is covered in soil
Relies on microbial fauna in the soil to inactivate the pathogens in the faeces.

Question 23

latrines

Answer 23

In absence of a municipal distributed water system the simplest form of sanitation is a Pit Latrine, also known as “the long drop
must be located away from source of water

Question 24

Ventilated improved pit

Answer 24

The VIP latrine is a brick-lined permanent toilet that does not require emptying.
When the bricks are laid, it is important to only use mortar between the layers and not on the vertical joints. This allows the contents to slowly seep into the soil as it decomposes and keeps the pit from filling up too soon.
allows for aerobic digestion and faeces does not need to be emptied

Question 25

ways to improve drinking water

Answer 25

piped water into dwelling, yard or plot
public tap or standpie 
tubewell or borehole
protected dug well
protected spring
rainwater collection

Question 26

examples of unimproved drinking water

Answer 26

unprotect dug well
unprotected spring
tanker truck
surface water - dam, river

Question 27

issues with stand pipes

Answer 27

distributing municipally treated water are often locked by land owners. Residents/tenants have to pay for access

Question 28

problems with municiple supply

Answer 28

Intermittent electricity supply often means that water pumped through municipal supplies lies stagnant for extended periods while residual chlorine concentration drops to ineffective levels.

Question 29

issue with harvested rain water

Answer 29

Harvested rain water is typically contaminated with faecal bacteria from birds, reptiles and mammals who have access to the roof from which the rain has been collected.

Question 30

household water treatment and storage (HWTS)

Answer 30

Point of use (PoU) treatment within the household thus provides a more effective method of ensuring safe water within the household.
There are several effective “household water treatment & storage (HWTS) interventions.

Question 31

HWTS must be…

Answer 31

Seen to solve a problem.
Effective.
Easy to use (requires minimal training)
Cost effective.
Not expensive.

Question 32

methods of HWTS

Answer 32

Boiling
filtration - life-straw filter
chlorine
flocculation - flocculant binds to suspended solids and clear water is decanted off

Question 33

issue with chlorination

Answer 33

some pathogens e.g. vibrio cholerae and oocysts of cryptosporidium spp become resistant