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DDT > DDT 19 - Opportunistic infections associated with AIDS patients > Flashcards

DDT 19 - Opportunistic infections associated with AIDS patients Flashcards

1
Q

the elements of AIDS

A

has a confirmed positive HIV test
Immuno-compromised (low T cell count)
Presence of either an opportunistic infection or AIDS related cancer

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2
Q

opportunistic infection definition

A

Infections that develop as a result of damage to the immune system
They take advantage of the opportunity provided by weakened immune system

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3
Q

T cell subsets

A

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Helper T-lymphocytes
Suppressor T-lymphocytes
Memory cells

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4
Q

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes function

A

recognise and destroy cells w/ foreign antigen and infected cells from the body e.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi and cancer

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5
Q

Helper T lymphocytes function

A

enhance immune response by releasing interleukin
T helper 1 -interleukin 2 stimulates other T cell
T helper 2 - interleukin 4 - stimulate proliferation of B cells

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6
Q

Suppressor T cell function

A

said to suppress immune response when there are fewer antigens - release suppressor cytokines

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7
Q

Memory cells

A

remain in lymphatic tissue long after infection as died for secondary immune response

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8
Q

CD4 cell

A

a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune

cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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9
Q

what type of cell is CD4

A

white blood cell - fights infection aka T helper cells

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10
Q

where are CD4 cells made

A

are made in the spleen, lymph nodes, and

thymus gland

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11
Q

purpose of CD4 counr

A
  • indicates the stage of your HIV disease,

- guides treatment, and predicts how your disease may progress.

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12
Q

how are CD4 counts reported

A

cubic millimeter of blood

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13
Q

normal CD4 count

A

500 - 1,500 per cubic millimeter of blood

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14
Q

how is CD4 count affected in HIV

A

HIV disease is progressing if the CD4 count is going down.
This means the immune system is getting weaker and you are more likely to get sick.
In some people, CD4 counts can drop dramatically, even going down to zero.

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15
Q

Stage I of HIV symptoms and CD4 count

A

No symtoms
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy
>500

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16
Q

Stage II of HIV symptoms and CD4

A

Cutaneous Manifestation Folliculitis
Dermatomal Herpes Zoster
500 - 350

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17
Q

Stage III of HIV symptoms and CD4 count

A

Oral Candidiasis,
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia,
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
350-200

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18
Q

Stage IV of HIV symptoms and CD4 count

A 
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), Oral KS
MAC, Severe Chronic Herpes
Ulcers, Toxoplasmosis,
Cryptococcus 
<200
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19
Q

name the smallest free living organism

A

mycoplasma species (150-259nm)

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20
Q

describe mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

no cell wall
does not need host cell for replication
prokaryote

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21
Q

where do we find mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

mucosal surfaces

exteracellulary in respiratory and urogenital tracts

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22
Q

how if mycoplasma pneumoniae transmitted

A

M. pneumoniae is transmitted from person-to-person by infected
respiratory droplets during close contact.

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23
Q

incubation period of mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

3 weeks

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24
Q

when does infection frequently occur

A

during the fall and winter but may

develop whole-year round.

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25
Q

how does mycoplasma pneumoniae disrupt function of immune system

A

M. pneumoniae is a superantigen
- activate macrophages and lymphocytes
stimulate cytokine activation.
- can attract inflammatory cells and induce cytokine secretion

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26
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae

A

gram-positive, oval/lancet-shaped cocci are often arranged in pairs, known
as a diplococcus, or can be present in short chains .

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27
Q

who is most likely to get streptococcus pneumoniae

A

people under 2 years and people over 60 or inflicted by alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease or asplenia

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28
Q

how many infant deaths are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Globally, it causes approximately 1.2 million infant deaths annually, and its prevalence is especially high in regions of widespread HIV-1 infection.

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29
Q

host range of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Humans, mice, rats, guinea pigs, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys,
and mammals that live in association with humans

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30
Q

mode of transmission of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Infectious cells can be disseminated via microaerosol
droplets created by coughing or sneezing, or person-person oral contact.
Transmission is common, but infection is infrequent as healthy individuals carry
S. pneumoniae in the nasopharyngeal region without any presence of infection.

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31
Q

incubation period of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

1-3 days

32
Q

another name for treponema pallidum

A

syphilis

33
Q

shape of treponema pallidum

A

Treponemes are helically coiled, corkscrew-shaped cells, 6 to 15 μm long and 0.1 to 0.2 μm wide – a spirochaete

34
Q

describe membrane of treponema pallidum

A

• They have an outer membrane which surrounds the periplasmic
flagella, a peptidoglycan-cytoplasmic membrane complex, and a
protoplasmic cylinder

35
Q

how does treponema pallidum multiply

A

transverse binary fission

36
Q

describe weaknesses of treponema pallidum

A

• a very frail organism that cannot thrive outside
the body and is crippled by simple physical and
chemical elements such as heat, soap, and
water

37
Q

how do treponema pallidum infect the cells

A

• Treponemes are highly invasive pathogens which often disseminate relatively soon after inoculation

38
Q

what causes evasion of host immune response from treponema pallidum

A

• Evasion of host immune responses appears to be, at least in part, due to the unique structure of the treponemal outer membrane

39
Q

what feature does treponema pallidum have

A

Although treponemes lack classical lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) they possess abundant lipoproteins which induce inflammatory processes

40
Q

primary syphilis

A

the infection is usually seen as individual sores in adults around the genitals.

41
Q

secondary syphilis

A

the infection presents itself as a general rash all over the body (mostly on the hands and feet).

42
Q

latent syphilis

A

‘hidden syphilis’; the disease shows no symptoms but the

organism continues to reproduce

43
Q

what systems can tertiary syphilis cause damage to?

A

the disease causes major destruction to the skeletal system, circulatory system, and nervous system (along with other vital organs); eventually results in death.
As seen, if left untreated, syphilis affects the bones, heart, brain, nervous system and other organs of the body

44
Q

how is congenital syphilis contracted

A

however, the disease is spread through infection of the
mother to the child through the blood supply to the womb (most common when the mother is in the secondary to latent stages of the disease).

45
Q

tertiary stage syphilis causes damage to what organs

A

Tertiary stage syphilis can see damage to the brain, heart, eyes, liver, bones, and joints.
This damage may be serious enough to cause death.

46
Q

what disease is the fungal pathogen candida albicans responsible for

A

candidiasis

47
Q

where does candida albicans reside in the body

A

as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal

and genitourinary tract;

48
Q

who are usually victim to disease when infected with candida albicans

A

immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV infected victims, transplant recipients, chemotherapy patients, and low birth-weight babies.

49
Q

3 main forms of disease from candida albicans

A

oropharyngeal candidiasis,(“thrush“) ;
vulvovaginal candidiasis (yeast infection)
invasive candidiasis.

50
Q

what organs can the invasive candidiasis infect

A

a serious infection that can affect the blood, heart, brain, eyes, bones, and other parts of the body.

51
Q

how common is candida albican in immunocompromised people

A

top source of fungal

infections in immunocompromised people

52
Q

transmission of candida albicans

A

from mother to infant through childbirth, and remains as part of a normal human’s microflora.
The overgrowth of C. albicans leads to symptoms of disease, and it occurs when there are imbalances for example, changes in the normal acidity of the vagina.
rarely through childbirth

53
Q

how is candida albicans transmitted from people if they are not mother and child

A

People-to-people acquired infections mostly happen in hospital settings where immunocompromised patients acquire the yeast from healthcare workers

54
Q

who first described kaposi sarcoma

A

Dr. Moritz. kaposi in 1872

55
Q

what virus induces kaposi sarcoma tumour

A

is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), an infection more likely to occur in people with compromised immunity, such as people with HIV or taking immunosuppressant drugs for an organ transplant.

56
Q

describe kaposi sarcoma (KS) tumour

A

a vascular tumour (it involves blood vessels) that affects soft tissue in multiple areas of the body (it is “multicentric”). It originates from endothelial cells which line blood vessels, and there are four main types of Kaposi sarcoma (KS):

57
Q

classic KS

A

also known as Mediterranean Kaposi sarcoma, a rare tumor that more often affects older males

58
Q

epidemic KS

A

the most common form of KS, also known as

AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma

59
Q

Endemic KS

A

also known as African Kaposi sarcoma, this

form is relatively common in equatorial Africa and can affect children and adults independently of HIV infection

60
Q

latrogenic KS

A

also known as immunosuppressive
treatment-related Kaposi sarcoma, immunosuppressive Kaposi
sarcoma or transplant-related Kaposi sarcoma.

61
Q

how is Kaposi sarcoma more likely to be transmitted to compromised immunity people

A

tumour is caused by human herpesvirus infection which can be spread both sexually and non-sexually

62
Q

symptoms of kaposi sarcoma

A

cutaneous lesions, marks on the skin that are;
brown, purple, pink, red macules
merge into plaques and nodules - lead to blue-violet to black
sometimes show edema

63
Q

people who are at a risk of human herpes virus 8 and thus getting kaposi sarcoma

A

people with HIV and have a CD4 cell count of less than 200 are high risk of kaposi sarcoma

64
Q

what type of people are prone to get human herpes 8 and then kaposi sarcoma

A
  • organ transplant recipients taking immunosuppressant drugs to suppress rejection of the organ, for example
65
Q

2nd most common cancer in women worldwide

A

cervical cancer

66
Q

what virus must be acquired before the development of cervical cancer occurs

A

human papillomavirus DNA

HPV

67
Q

types of epithelial cells HPV will infect

A

skin
anogenital mucosa
oropharyngeal mucosa

68
Q

describe HPV

A

• HPV is a heterogeneous group of viruses that contain closed circular double-stranded DNA.

69
Q

Studies have shown a higher prevalence of 1.___ in HIV- 2.____ women than in 3.____ women, and
the 4.___ prevalence was directly proportional to the
severity of 5.___ as measured by 6.___

A
  1. HPV
  2. Seropositive
  3. seronegative
    4, HPV
  4. immunosuppression
  5. CD4 count
70
Q

what is said to enhance latent or subclinical HPV activity

A

Impaired lymphocyte function has been postulated to enhance latent or subclinical HPV activity, resulting in a higher rate of persistent infection.

71
Q

what part of the body does non-hodgkins lymphoma originate

A

lymphatic system and develop from lymphocytes B crlls

72
Q

causes of non-hodgkins lymphoma

A

body produces too many abnormal lymphocytes

lymphpocytes don’t die and get replaced by new ones they continue to grow and divide - leads to crowding and swelling

73
Q

how does non hodgkins lymphoma arise in Bcells

A

. Most non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma arises from B cells.
Subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that involve B cells include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.

74
Q

name the 2 types of non-hodgkins lymphoma that begin in T cels and often does it occur

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurs less often in T cells.

Subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that involve T cells include peripheral T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

75
Q

factors that can increase risk of non-hodgkins lymphoma

A

medications that suppress immune e.g. for organ transplant
infection of certain viruses and bacteria e.g. HIV and Epstein-Barr virus
chemicals e.g. used to kill insects and weeds
older age (60s and older)

76
Q

non-hodgkins lymphoma symptoms

A

Painless, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin.
• Abdominal pain or swelling.
• Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing.
• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• Night sweats.
• Weight loss.

DDT (21 decks)

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