DDT 22 - Biology and epidemiology of malaria

Question 1

stages in plasmodium cycle

Answer 1

1. Normal red cell;
2. Trophozoites (among these correspond to ring-stage trophozoites);
3. Schizonts
4. Mature macrogametocytes (female);
5. Mature microgametocytes (male).

Question 2

plasmodium vivax location

Answer 2

north europe

Question 3

plasmodium vivax accounts for what %age of all malaria cases

Answer 3

43%

Question 4

plasmodium vivax causes what kind of malaria

name fever days

Answer 4

benign tertian malaria - recurring every 48 hours

1,3,5,7

Question 5

how long can symptoms of malaria persist if infected with plasmodium vivax

Answer 5

5 years

Question 6

plasmodium malariae location

Answer 6

scattered across tropics and sub-tropics

Question 7

plasmodium malariae accounts for what %age of all malaria cases

Answer 7

7%

Question 8

plasmodium malariae causes what kind of malaria

name fever days

Answer 8

benign in adults but cause nephrotic syndrome in kids

quartan malaria - every 72 hours with peak of 5 years

Question 9

how long can symptoms of malaria persist if infected with plasmodium malariae

Answer 9

40 years

Question 10

plasmodium ovale location

Answer 10

mainly in west Africa

Question 11

plasmodium ovale accounts for what %age of all malaria cases

Answer 11

less than 1%

Question 12

plasmodium ovale causes what kind of malaria

Answer 12

ovale tertian malaria, benign

Question 13

Plasmodium falciparum location

Answer 13

widespread in tropics and sub-tropics

Question 14

plasmodium falciparum accounts for what %age of all malaria cases

Answer 14

50% - most lethal

Question 15

plasmodium falciparum causes what kind of malaria

Answer 15

malignant tertian malaria

Question 16

how does plasmodium falciparum cause malaria

Answer 16

the parasitised red blood cells have projection knobs;

which stick in the blood capillaries

Question 17

what can plasmodium falciparum cause

Answer 17

causing obstruction in capillaries, thrombosis and local ischaemia;

Question 18

interval of attacks in malaria in plasmodium falciparum

Answer 18

36 hours - some attacks may overlap

Question 19

how was malaria initially controlled

Answer 19

tried to eliminate mosquito breeding places - water drainage programmes(mosquito must lay eggs in water) and covering wells, spraying houses with insecticides,
personal protection - netting, repellents

Question 20

what caused the control plan of malaria in 1950-1970 fail

Answer 20

underestimate complexity relationship w/ malaria and humans and mosquitos

Question 21

modern approach to malaria treatment

Answer 21

long lasting insecticide treated- nets - indoor residual spraying
intermittent presumptive treatment of malaria in kids and pregnant women
effective treatment for children w/ fever
education and communication

Question 22

malaria drug treatment

Answer 22

Chloroquine (Avloclor) Pyrimethamine (Fansidar) is used;
Primaquine
Proguanil (Paludrine)

Question 23

chloroquine(avloclor)

Answer 23

used during an acute atack - attacks rbc form preventing DNA synthesis - resistance in plasmodium falciparum

Question 24

Primaquine

Answer 24

for the exo-erythrocytic stages;

Question 25

Issue with Proguanil (Paludrine)

Answer 25

has adverse effects

Question 26

new type of malaria treatment

Answer 26

artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs)

Question 27

ACT

Answer 27

dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine - to the previous list of recommended medicines

Question 28

Why are vector control interventions important

Answer 28

have a proven track record of successfully reducing or interrupting disease transmission, particularly in areas that are highly prone to malaria.

Question 29

2 main examples of vector control

Answer 29

Indoor Residual Spray (IRS)

and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)