DDT 26 - Nanoparticles 1: Exposure, uptake and clearance

Question 1

what are the size ranges of aerosols

Answer 1

Aerosols range from micrometer sized particles (dust and fine dust) down to nanoparticles (ultrafine dust).

Question 2

air quality index level 0-50 means ..

Answer 2

good - satisfactory and air pollution poses no risk

Question 3

air quality index level 101-150 means

Answer 3

unhealthy for sensitive groups - these groups may face health effects

Question 4

air quality index level 51-100 means

Answer 4

moderate - acceptable but may pose as a health concern for a very small unusually sensitive group of people

Question 5

air quality index levels 151-200 means…

Answer 5

unhealthy - everyone faces health effects and sensitive may experience serious health effects

Question 6

air quality index levels 201 - 300…

Answer 6

very unhealthy - emergency conditions

Question 7

air quality index levels 301- - 500 means …

Answer 7

hazardous -

Question 8

what is the surface area of the lung and how many nano particles are inhaled in the lungs each day

Answer 8

70-100 m2

10^10-10^12 fine particles deposit in the lung/day

Question 9

average size of nanoparticles in lungs

Answer 9

Size ranging from around 10 nm up 700 nm, with a peak around 150 nm

Question 10

nanoparticles in food chain

Answer 10

agriculture
food processing
food packaging
supplement

Question 11

nanoparticles in agriculture

Answer 11

nano capsules to delivers fertilisers and insecticides
delivery of growth hormones
nanochips to identify preservation and tracking

Question 12

nanoparticles in food processing

Answer 12

nano-encapsulated flavour enhancers
nanotubes and nanoparticles as gelation and viscosifying agent
nanoemulsions and nanoparticles for even distribution of nutrients

Question 13

nano particles in food packaging

Answer 13

antibodies attached to fluorescent nanoparticles to detect chemicals and foodborne pathogens
biodegradable nanosensors for temperature, moisture and time monitoring
nanoclays and nano foils to form a barrier to prevent food spoilage and oxygen absoprtion

Question 14

nano particles in supplements

Answer 14

nanosize powder increase absorption of nutrients
cellulose nano crystals composites as drug carriers
nano chelates to deliver nutrients more efficiently without influencing flavour and colour

Question 15

titanium dioxide in food

Answer 15

high conc - powdered mini donuts, mentos freshmint gum
mid conc - whipped cream m&m peanuts
low conc - mentos and coffee

Question 16

size of nano particles depending on where it is in the nasal cavity and lungs

Answer 16

nasal passage: 11-7 PM
Pharynx: 7-4.7 PM
Trachea: 4.7-3.3PM
Primary bronchi: 4.7 - 3.3PM
Bronchi branches: 2.1-1.1PM
Bronchioli: 1.1 - 0.65 PM
Alveoli: 0.65-0.43 PM

Question 17

Components of nasopharyngeal region

Answer 17

nasal airway
pharynx
larynx

Question 18

Components of tracheobronchiol region

Answer 18

Trachea
Bronchi
Lymph nodes
Non respiratory bronchioles
Pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 19

Components of Alveolar

Answer 19

Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveolar capillary bed

Question 20

2 main clearance pathways

Answer 20

muscociliary escalator (tracheobronchial)
phagocytosis by macrophages (alveoli)

Question 21

process of muscociliary escalator clearance pathway in central lung

Answer 21

1. drug must cross pulmonary epithelium
2. they can reach underlying tissue or circulatory system
3. mucociliary clearance in the airways

Question 22

process of phagocytosis by macrophages in peripheral lung

Answer 22

1. drug must cross pulmonary epithelium
2. they can reach underlying tissue or circulatory system
3. macrophage clearance

Question 23

what does translocation of nanoparticles across major protective barriers in the body depend on?

Answer 23

depends on size and surface properties of particles

Question 24

describe the nanoparticles that can translocate rapidly and where do they translocate to?

Answer 24

nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameter less than 34nm and noncationic surface charge translocate rapidly from lung to mediastinal lymph nodes.

Question 25

how fast can nanoparticles of hydrodynamic diameter greater than HD < 6nm translocate

Answer 25

traffic rapidly from lungs to lymph nodes and the bloodstream, and then be subsequently cleared by kidneys and secreted with urine

Question 26

where can particles less than 34nm in size with a non positive charge on its surface cross

Answer 26

protective barriers e.g. lung endothelium and travel to many parts of the body in circulation

Question 27

name an example of nanoparticles and where it can transfer and how does it affect the body

Answer 27

tobacco smoke reduced the levels of the enzyme
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
by 33%-43%. MAO indirectly controls blood pressure

Question 28

nanoparticles that are greater than 750nm are absorbed by cells or cell organelles …

Answer 28

phagocytosis

Question 29

nanoparticles that are less than or equal to 2000nm are absorbed by cells or cell organelles by …

Answer 29

pinocytosis

Question 30

nanoparticles that are less than or equal to 100nm are absorbed by cells or cell organelles by

Answer 30

endocytosis