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DDT > DDT 14 - A review of disease causing bacteria > Flashcards

DDT 14 - A review of disease causing bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

give examples of gram positive bacteria

A 
Clostridium botulinum 
Clostridium tetani 
Bacillus anthracis 
Staphylococcus aureus 
Streptococcus pyogenes
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2
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A
  • botulism due to food containing neurotoxin; lethal dose 1-2µg; causes respiratory paralysis, morbidity 65%.
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3
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

anaerobic, endospores; tetanus or lockjaw due to neurotoxin; convulsive contractions in voluntary muscles; morbidity 50%

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4
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

anthrax; septicaemic infection in farm animals but transmissible to humans; Prevention - slaughter and burning.

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5
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Commonly found on skin and typically will not cause any health issues. However some strains can be highly pathogenic. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus now a major health concern worldwide (MRSA)

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6
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Common cause of sore throat (strep-throat) but can also cause severe infections including meningitis, pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis

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7
Q

how does bacillus anthracis reproduce?

A

Forms spores which can survive harsh conditions for decades. Become re-activated when they enter a host organism

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8
Q

how does bacillus anthracis enter the human body?

A

Most cases are via the skin but can also occur by inhalation or ingestion of spores. Inhalation is the most dangerous route of infection (up to 90% mortality)

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9
Q

where is clostridium botulinum bacteria most commonly found

A

in food that has been improperly stored in cans - low O environment

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10
Q

what does clostridium botulinum cause?

A

severe food poisoning
leading to paralysis
prodcues botulinum toxin - most potent neurotoxin known

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11
Q

how is clostridium botulinum used in medicine?

A

to treat diseases involving muscle spasms as well as cosmetic surgery (Botox injections)

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12
Q

name examples gram negative bacteria

A

bacilli - vibrio cholerae, legionella pneumophila, e. coli, salmonella

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13
Q

vibrio cholerae description and how is it transmitted?

A

Flagellated bacteria – highly motile. Spread through drinking contaminated water

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14
Q

how does vibrio cholerae become toxic to body

A

Bacteria colonise the intestine and produce cholera toxin – increases secretion of water into the intestine leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration

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15
Q

how is vibrio cholerae treated?

A

Development of oral rehydration therapy has significantly reduced mortality - millions of lives saved every year

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16
Q

where is legionella pneumophila found

A

Bacteria most commonly found in water contained within air conditioning systems, showers and water tanks.

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17
Q

how is legionella pneumophila spread?

A

Spread when water is aerosolized leading to inhalation of bacteria

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18
Q

symptoms of legionella pneumophila

A 
fever
headache
chills
nausea 
diarrhoea
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19
Q

What can some strains of e.coli cause

A

cause severe food poisoning, gasteroenteritis, diarrhea and urinary tract infection

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20
Q

e.coli. can be serious for

A

children and elderly

21
Q

how is salmonella enterica is spread?

A

spreads via improperly stored or cooked food especially meat, eggs and dairy.

22
Q

what does salmonella cause?

A

Common form of food poisoning, leads to diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps

23
Q

salmonella typhi is related to salmonella enterica

A

typhi is subset of enterica

24
Q

how is salmonella typhi spread

A

Spread by contaminated food or water, most common in developing regions with poor sanitation.

25
Q

what does salmonella typhi cause

A

Causes typhoid fever - skin rash, fever, weakness, abdominal pain and vomiting.

26
Q

how is salmonella typhi mortality rate reduced?

A

Vaccination, sanitation and antibiotics have reduced mortality rate from 20% to less than 1%

27
Q

what are symptoms of salmonella typhi

A

abdomnial pain
vomtting
muscle weakness

28
Q

mycoplasma

A

simple cell
smaller than bacteria
no cell wall
cause respiratory infection - pneumonia and urinary tract infection

29
Q

Rickettsiae is what type of parasite and what are the usual hosts

A

Obligate intracellular parasites of arthropods and mammals, must be grown on living cells

30
Q

how is rickettsiae transmitted

A

Usually spread to humans through arthropod vectors, including ticks, fleas and lice.

31
Q

what does rickettsiae cause

the vector for humans and its morbidity?

A

causes classical typhus fever, the vector is the human louse; presents as an acute fever with 10-20% morbidity

32
Q

how is rickettsiae treated or prevented?

A

Can be treated with antibiotics and prevented using insecticides to decontaminate living spaces and clothes during outbreaks, killing the lice that spread the disease

33
Q

Rickettsia rickettsi - causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Leads to tash and fever
Spread by tick bites
Severe cases can lead to partial paralysis of the lower extremities or gangrene requiring amputation

34
Q

what kind of parasite is chlamyudia trachomatis

A

Gram negative, obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria

35
Q

chlamydia strange symptoms

A

Can remain symptomless for long periods of time (approx. 50% of cases).

36
Q

what does chlamydia also cause

A

Can also infect the eyes – commonly passed from mother to child during birth. Can also be spread by flies, by direct contact or by contamination of personal items such as towels

37
Q

Trachoma

A

repeated infections of the conjunctiva leads to scarring which causes the eyelashes to turn inwards. This causes the eyelashes to scrape against the eyeball every time the patient blinks, leading to scarring and eventual loss of vision

38
Q

first antibiotics used to treat bacteria

A

1907 Paul Ehrlich synthesized an organic arsenic compound, arsphenamine, first effective treatment for syphilis

39
Q

Alexander Flemming’s contribution to science

A

1929 Alexander Fleming discovers action of products of fungus Penicillium notatum

40
Q

who and what treated streptococcal infection

A

1935 Domagk treats a streptococcal infection with the dye ‘prontosil

41
Q

what lead to discovery of sulphonamides

A

due to breakdown in the body and release of sulphanilamide which led to development of the sulphonamides (range of modified versions of the drug with different properties)

42
Q

when and who first purified penicillin

A

1940 Chain and Florey

43
Q

4 mechanisms of action of antibodies

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of cell membrane function
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

44
Q

2 types of antibodies

A

bacteriostatic

bactericidal

45
Q

bacteria that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Does not kill the pathogen directly but results in cell lysis due to internal osmotic pressure
e.g., Penicillins, Vancomycin

46
Q

bacteria that inhibit cell membrane function

A

Uses differences between the cell membranes of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
eg., Polymyxins, Nystatin;

47
Q

bacteria that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Use the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic ribosomes
e.g. Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines;

48
Q

bacteria that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Inhibit various aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis, for example by binding to the enzyme RNA polymerase
eg. Rifampin, Sulphonamides.

49
Q

dangers of indiscriminate use of antibodies

A

hypersensitivity -> rash/fever
disrupt natural flora in body - no competing bacteria to stop pathogenic bacteria - eradicates part of our immune system
mask serious illness - when it is still present - no receiving right treatment
drug toxicity - allergic reaction
bacteria can develop drug resistance

DDT (21 decks)

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