DDT 21 - Protozoa and Disease

Question 1

protozoa

Answer 1

unicellular

single cell structure that have animal characteristics and feed on live matter

Question 2

motile at some stage name features that help them move

Answer 2

cilia,
flagella,
pseudopodia;

Question 3

how do protozoa reproduce and which is more common

Answer 3

sexually and asexually

asexual is most common

Question 4

three types of fission in which protozoa reproduce

Answer 4

longitudinal fission -
budding -
schizogony -

Question 5

what feature is common in protozoa

Answer 5

encystment - individual reaches a harsh environment and can create a shell around themselves and can hatch out from the cyst when the conditions are favourable

Question 6

how do you describe how protozoa get nutrition

Answer 6

heterotrophic can
saprozoic - eat dead matter
holozoic - enguld living matter e.g. fungal spores

Question 7

how are protozoa not harmless

Answer 7

free living - feed content with smaller microorganisms

Question 8

protozoa that causes malaria

Answer 8

plasmodium

Question 9

how many species of plasmodium

Answer 9

50

Question 10

how many species of plasmodium are affected by humans

Answer 10

5

Question 11

name the 5 species of plasmodium that affect humans

Answer 11

Plasmodiumknowlesi - infects primates but led to human malaria
Plasmodium vivax - benign tertian; (fevers every 48 hours on day 1 an day 3)
Plasmodium ovale - ovale benign tertian;
Plasmodium malariae - benign quartan;(fevers 72 hours on day 1 and day 4)
Plasmodium falciparum - malignant tertian

Question 12

Describe the primary exoerythrocytic cycle,

Answer 12

1. infected mosquito bites = she injects sporozoites body with from her salivary glands;
2. motile sporozoites are taken in the blood vessels penetrate the liver cells;
3. in liver asexual multiplication (schizogony) lasts 5-16 days;
4. Schizonts rupture and release merozoites

Question 13

what is released in the primary exoerythrocytic cycle, and what organ cells will they infect and thus induce

Answer 13

merozoites

reinfect liver cells and start secondary exoerythrocytic cycle

Question 14

plasmodia - erythrocytic cycle

Answer 14

merozoites invade red blood cells - the erythrocytes;
asexual reproduction continues (erythrocytic schizogony);
immature trophozoite -> mature trophozoite
replicate via schizogony (schizont) then schizont ruptures
the newly released merozoites reinfect other red blood cells (5);

Question 15

plasmodia sporogonic cycle

Answer 15

1. female cell the macrogamete, male cell microgamete (division);
2. after fertilization the motile zygote (oökinete) penetrates the stomach wall;
3. where it forms an oöcyst - this undergoes meiotic and mitotic division (sporogony);
4. The oocyst ruptures releasing the slender sporozoites, which migrate to the mosquito salivary glands.

Question 16

schizogony

Answer 16

multiple fission, numerous daughter cells by mitosis within the hosts cells and newly produced cell rupture the host cell and hundreds are released

Question 17

budding

Answer 17

a smaller and larger cell are produced by mitosis

Question 18

longitudinal fission

Answer 18

2 equal size daughter cells by mitosis

Question 19

describe what occurs during the incubation period before signs of malaria arise

Answer 19

incubation period before clinical signs of malaria usually involves 2 exoerythrocytic and 1 or 2 erythrocytic cycles;
can take place every 48 hours or 72 hours

Question 20

how do plasmodium species reproduce sexually

Answer 20

later merozoites produce sexual gametocytes - no more development;
an uninfected Anopheline mosquito takes infected blood;
in the mosquito stomach the gametocytes become mature male and female gametes
leads to sporogonic cycle

Question 21

sporogonic cycle

Answer 21

female cell the macrogamete, male cell microgamete (division);
after fertilization the motile zygote (oökinete) penetrates the stomach wall;
forms an oöcyst - meiotic and mitotic division occurs (sporogony - make multiple sporozoites confined in oocyst until oocyst ruptures)
The oocyst ruptures releasing the slender sporozoites, which migrate to the mosquito salivary glands.