Day 2 Mock Exam Paper Flashcards
The first line of defence which changes very little during our lifetime is called?
Innate immune response
Which disease is iatrogenic?
Relates to illness caused by medical examination, intervention or treatment
Symptoms of infection can be caused by?
Our immune system, toxins produced by microorganisms, the death of invaded human cells
Describe what happens during the planned/programmed cell death:
Apoptosis - known as programmed cell death, planned
The cell dies at the end of its life, controlling the population of cells
Cell shrinkage
Plasma membrane blebbing
Formation of apoptotic bodies
Phagocytosis
Identify the key features of nerve signalling and give an example of a disease process which occurs because of nerve signalling failure
Used exclusively by neurones
Uses neurotransmitters to send chemicals through a gap - synapse to another neurone or to a receptor cell e.g muscles
Fast, long-distance action
Example: Parkinson’s disease
Discuss the signs and symptoms of acute inflammatory response and briefly explain what causes them
Redness (rubor) – vasodilation occurs, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area; this is caused by mediators like histamine, which dilates blood vessels
Heat (calor) – the increased blood flow contributes to warmth in the inflamed region; the energy released during inflammation raises the local temperature
Swelling (tumor) – increased vascular permeability allows fluids, proteins, and immune cells to move into the tissues, causing swelling; this helps deliver nutrients and immune cells to the site of injury or infection
Pain (dolor) – inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and bradykinins, sensitize nerve endings, leading to pain; pain serves as protective mechanism, discouraging the use of the inflamed area
Loss of function – swelling and pain can limit the function of the affected area, preventing future damage and promoting healing
