Day 2 - Infection, Inflammation, Immune Response Flashcards
Which 2 cells are responsible for the process of phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and Macrophages
Exudate produced during the inflammatory response are trapped in the nodes of the lymphatic system where white blood cells called lymphocytes activate the what?
Adaptive immune response
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when small blood vessels become dilated?
Redness
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when there is increased blood flow to the affected area?
Heat
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when prostaglandins and bradykinins produce a response in the affected area?
Pain
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when there is an accumulation of fluid from increased blood vessel permeability?
Swelling
What blood test which is a measure of inflammation gives a value measured in how long it takes for red blood cells to settle at the bottom of a test tube?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
What are one of the key impacts of chronic inflammation caused by the ongoing presence of macrophages and lymphocytes?
Scarring and tissue damage
What term is used to describe an infectious disease passed from animals to humans?
Zoonosis
Which type of bacteria will show a purple colour on staining by a microbiologist indicating that the bacteria is likely to be more susceptible to antibiotics?
Gram positive bacteria
The stage of illness associated with initial appearance of symptoms but with vague or non specific symptoms is known as what?
Prodromal phase
A life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection is called?
Sepsis
When is a patient said to have septic shock?
When a massive systematic inflammatory and immune response has been triggered by infection
Is there a new definition of sepsis?
Yes true - the term ‘severe sepsis’ is absent from the new definition as sepsis has a mortality rate of approximately 20% making the condition already severe
The term antigen is a shorter version what?
Antibody generator
What is the key role of the B-cell?
Antibody production
B-cells which don’t clone and produce antibodies become B-memory cells. What is the purpose of the B-memory cell?
Remain in the lymph nodes as a memory of how to fight bacterial infection
What is complement fixation?
Antibodies coat the pathogen and activate blood proteins which directly kills the pathogen
What is opsonisation?
Antibodies coat the pathogen and enhance phagocytes by making it more easily identifiable to macrophages and neutrophils
What is neutralisation?
Antibodies coat the pathogen which then prevents it interacting with the surface of any host cells
What is the main role of the T-helper cell (CD4+ cell)?
Activate specific B cells to respond to infection and produce antibodies
What type of immunity is when a child is exposed to chickenpox?
Active immunity
What type of immunity is when a person is given an intramuscular injection of the tetanus immunoglobulin?
Passive immunity
What type of immunity is when a teenager is given a vaccination against the human papilloma virus?
Active immunity
What type of immunity is when a baby ingests antibodies from the mother’s breast milk?
Passive immunity
Are there more antibodies in a secondary response to infection than a primary response to infection?
Yes true
Which immunoglobulin is the main cause of a type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity? It commonly binds to mast cells resulting in release of histamine and generally causes allergy, urticarial rashes and in extreme cases anaphylaxis. A blood test to detect this type of immunoglobulin is used to confirm or rule out allergic reaction.
IgE
Which cells do the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infect which gradually reduces the number of those cells until a point there are insufficient numbers to protect the immune system and stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies, leaving the patient open to and unable to fight opportunistic infections (AIDS)
CD4+ Cells (Helper T-cells)
