Day 2 - Infection, Inflammation, Immune Response

Question 1

Which 2 cells are responsible for the process of phagocytosis?

Answer 1

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Question 2

Exudate produced during the inflammatory response are trapped in the nodes of the lymphatic system where white blood cells called lymphocytes activate the what?

Answer 2

Adaptive immune response

Question 3

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when small blood vessels become dilated?

Answer 3

Redness

Question 4

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when there is increased blood flow to the affected area?

Answer 4

Heat

Question 5

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when prostaglandins and bradykinins produce a response in the affected area?

Answer 5

Pain

Question 6

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation for when there is an accumulation of fluid from increased blood vessel permeability?

Answer 6

Swelling

Question 7

What blood test which is a measure of inflammation gives a value measured in how long it takes for red blood cells to settle at the bottom of a test tube?

Answer 7

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Question 8

What are one of the key impacts of chronic inflammation caused by the ongoing presence of macrophages and lymphocytes?

Answer 8

Scarring and tissue damage

Question 9

What term is used to describe an infectious disease passed from animals to humans?

Answer 9

Zoonosis

Question 10

Which type of bacteria will show a purple colour on staining by a microbiologist indicating that the bacteria is likely to be more susceptible to antibiotics?

Answer 10

Gram positive bacteria

Question 11

The stage of illness associated with initial appearance of symptoms but with vague or non specific symptoms is known as what?

Answer 11

Prodromal phase

Question 12

A life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection is called?

Answer 12

Sepsis

Question 13

When is a patient said to have septic shock?

Answer 13

When a massive systematic inflammatory and immune response has been triggered by infection

Question 14

Is there a new definition of sepsis?

Answer 14

Yes true - the term ‘severe sepsis’ is absent from the new definition as sepsis has a mortality rate of approximately 20% making the condition already severe

Question 15

The term antigen is a shorter version what?

Answer 15

Antibody generator

Question 16

What is the key role of the B-cell?

Answer 16

Antibody production

Question 17

B-cells which don’t clone and produce antibodies become B-memory cells. What is the purpose of the B-memory cell?

Answer 17

Remain in the lymph nodes as a memory of how to fight bacterial infection

Question 18

What is complement fixation?

Answer 18

Antibodies coat the pathogen and activate blood proteins which directly kills the pathogen

Question 19

What is opsonisation?

Answer 19

Antibodies coat the pathogen and enhance phagocytes by making it more easily identifiable to macrophages and neutrophils

Question 20

What is neutralisation?

Answer 20

Antibodies coat the pathogen which then prevents it interacting with the surface of any host cells

Question 21

What is the main role of the T-helper cell (CD4+ cell)?

Answer 21

Activate specific B cells to respond to infection and produce antibodies

Question 22

What type of immunity is when a child is exposed to chickenpox?

Answer 22

Active immunity

Question 23

What type of immunity is when a person is given an intramuscular injection of the tetanus immunoglobulin?

Answer 23

Passive immunity

Question 24

What type of immunity is when a teenager is given a vaccination against the human papilloma virus?

Answer 24

Active immunity

Question 25

What type of immunity is when a baby ingests antibodies from the mother’s breast milk?

Answer 25

Passive immunity

Question 26

Are there more antibodies in a secondary response to infection than a primary response to infection?

Answer 26

Yes true

Question 27

Which immunoglobulin is the main cause of a type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity? It commonly binds to mast cells resulting in release of histamine and generally causes allergy, urticarial rashes and in extreme cases anaphylaxis. A blood test to detect this type of immunoglobulin is used to confirm or rule out allergic reaction.

Answer 27

IgE

Question 28

Which cells do the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infect which gradually reduces the number of those cells until a point there are insufficient numbers to protect the immune system and stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies, leaving the patient open to and unable to fight opportunistic infections (AIDS)

Answer 28

CD4+ Cells (Helper T-cells)