DAT Destroyer biology Flashcards
What does DNA microarray technology allow one to do
examine many genes and determine which are expressed
What are monotremes
mammals that lay eggs
platypuses and echidnas , spiny anteaters
what is chitin
- a glucose polysaccharide with Nitrogen
- Makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods
- in the cell walls of many fungi
What do oubain and digitalis do
stop the sodium potassium pump
what does colchicine do
inhibits microtubule activity
what happens when you don’t have enough Iodine
the thyroid can’t produce thyroxin and triiodothyronine
what happens to filtration rate when the afferent and efferent arteriole’s vasonconstrict
when the afferent does filtration decreases
when the efferent does filtration increases
what is double fertilization
ONLY IN ANGIOSPERMS
1 sperm fertilizes the egg nucleus
2nd sperm fetilizes the central nuclei
(this creates a 3N endosperm nucleus)
What is the single metabolic pathway that will occur in all living cells
glycolysis
what cleavage makes identical twins possible
indeterminate cleavage (both halves are possible of becoming a viable embryo)
What causes the yellow skin seen in jaundice
excessive bilirubin (a bile pigment)
What are the rough projections on the tongue
papillae
what are the papillary muscles
cone shaped muscles of the heart
what is the ciliary muscles
the muscle of the eye that changes the lens shape
how many turns of the Calvin cycle produce glucose in photosynthesis
6
where are the calvin cycle enzymes
stroma of the chloroplast
what are the products of photosynthesis
O2, ATP, NADPH
what are echinoderms
starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
are echinoderms segmented
nope
what is a stroke
death of nervous tissue in the brain
what is a hybridoma
a lymphocyte fused with a myeloma cell
order of abundace
RBC’s, WBC’s platelets
RBC’s > Plateletes > WBC
What is a myeloma
a cancer cell with the ability for indefinite growth
what are prostaglandins
modified fatty acids that induce fever, pain, and inflammation.
what is Ecdysone
a hormone that is involved with insect molting and metamorphosis
during what trimester of pregnancy are organs formed
1st trimester
when do you start calling the embryo a fetus
8 weeks
how soon do many organ and limb buds begin to develop
5 weeks
when is a fetus most vulnerable to drugs and radiation
the first trimester
what are bacterial endospores, and what kind of bacteria can produce them
they are things that help bacteria build up resistance to hot, cold, chemicals, radiation, and other things
Gram positive bacteria produce them
what is found in lymph nodes
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macropahges
what percent of white blood cells and neutrophils
60
what are fixed action patterns
a coordinated response to specific environmental stressors.
spiders spin webs, animals flock together. (complex reflexes)
what percent of white blood cells are lymphocytes
30
what does the lymphatic system do
removes excess pathogens, dead blood cells, and cellular debris from cells and the spaces between them.
what is a biological cascade
a series of amplifying steps
what is catabolism
the breakdown of molecules
What is the first law of thermodynamics
the conservation of heat
What is the second law of thermodynamics
entropy of a system cannot decrease (conservation of entropy)
What is the third law of thermodynamics
the at K = 0 entropy = 0
What activates adenylyl cyclase
epinephrine
what does adenylyl cyclase do
ATP —-> cAMP
can vaccines be made from toxic byproducts of dangerous organisms
yep
what are attenuated vaccines
vaccines with a weakened or modified microbe. NOT a small portion of the actual microbe.
What is an organism that derives most or all of it’s body heat from it’s own metabolism
endotherms
What is an ectotherm
an organims that derives most of it’s body heat from its surroundings
what is the sole purpose of the villi and microvilil
to increase surface area for absorption
where do sarcoma’s happen
connective tissues
where do carcinoma’s happen
epithelial tissues
what is the concentrated DNA at the centromeres and end of the chromosomes called
Satellite DNA
What is the place in the animal egg where the yolk is most concentrated
the vegetal pole
what is the place in the animal egg where the yolk is the least concentrated
the animal pole
When is the neural plate formed
when the some of the ectodermal cells elongate
What happens to the neural plate
it folds and becomes the neural tube. then it later becomes the brain and spinal cord
What is the Grey Crescent in animal eggs
it establishes the body axis, and is located on the side of the egg opposite the sperm penetration location
does the embryo increase in size during cleavage
nope
what phases of mitosis does the cleavage do
it does S and M phases, but skips G1 and G2
what are somites
segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notocord. they can go on to produce the vertebra, or the muscles of the axial skeleton
are pines, spruces, and firs gymnosperms
yes
what is the dominant stage of the life cycle of mosses
the gametophyte
what are angiosperms
flowering plants (Oaks, maples, grasses)
what is the genes specific location along the length of a chromosomes
locus
What are the five types of leukocytes
most common and least common
Neutrophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Eosinophil Basophil
when is an isomerase enzyme used
to convert between isomers
What happens between deep and water layers throughout the seasons
summer: shallow = high in O2 deep = high in nutrients spring and autumn: shallow = high in nutrients deep = high in O2
What is turnover
the cycling between O2 and nutrients in lakes and ponds with the seasonal changes
What is the function of somatostatin
supress the releases of GI hormones (gastrin, secretin, and CCK)
this causes slower gastric emptying and reduced blood flow to the intestines
What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle
Flow phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase
When does menstruation begin
with the disintegration of the endometrium
what is ecological succession
when one community replaces another in a predictable manner
what are plant gametangia
the places in plants where gametes are produced
what is the female gametangia (place in plants where the egg is found)
the archegonia
what is the male gametangia (place in plants where the sperm is found)
antheridia
What are the two types of immunity
cell mediated and humoral
what is diapedesis
the way that white blood cells slip through the endothelium of blood vessels
what are detritivores
organisms that consume dead or decaying organic matter
who is the universal blood donor
O
who is the universal blood acceptor
AB
What is the order of biomes from highest to lowest
Tundra Tagia temperate dedacious forests scrub forest (chaparral) grassland desert tropical rain forest temperate rain forest
What is a multiple allele system
when more than two alleles exist for a gene locus (blood type)
What is epistasis
When the affect of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes
one trait is affected by more than one gene
what is pleiotropy
when one gene affects multiple, unrelated traits
What is the function of the smooth ER
lipid synthesis and drug detoxification
What kind of cellular junction holds the cells strongly together and is abundent in epithelial cells
Desmosomes
what is the function of tight junctions
prevent fluid from passing between cells
what is the function of gap junctions
they directly connect two cells cytoplasm and allows for the passing of material
how do osteoblasts build bone
they deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate
the mineral hydroxyapeptite is also produced
what is hydroxyapeptite
a mineral that helps in bone construction
what is edward syndrome
trisomy 18
what is down syndrome
trisomy 21
what is klinefelter syndrone
sex chromosome trisomy
what is turner syndrome
monosomy (XO)
When are karyotypes taken
during metaphase because they are most condensed
What things are found in prokaryotes
ribosomes
nucleic acids
plasma membrane
nucleoid
What things aren’t found in prokaryotes
mitochondria golgi ER nucleus lysomes
what are the two sources of amylase
salivary glands and pancreas
what are the stages of spermatogenesis
spermatogonium (2N primary spermatocyte (2N) 2- secondary spermatocytes (1N) 4- spermatids (1N) 4- spermatozoids (1N)
What are the two types of angiosperms
monocots (narrow leaves -grass)
dicots (broad leaves- shrubs)
what are plants that lack vascular tissue called
non-tracheophytes
what is a fruit
the ripened ovary of a flower
what structures control gas exchange
stomata
