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DAT > DAT Destroyer biology > Flashcards

DAT Destroyer biology Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA microarray technology allow one to do

A

examine many genes and determine which are expressed

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2
Q

What are monotremes

A

mammals that lay eggs

platypuses and echidnas , spiny anteaters

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3
Q

what is chitin

A
  1. a glucose polysaccharide with Nitrogen
  2. Makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods
  3. in the cell walls of many fungi
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4
Q

What do oubain and digitalis do

A

stop the sodium potassium pump

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5
Q

what does colchicine do

A

inhibits microtubule activity

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6
Q

what happens when you don’t have enough Iodine

A

the thyroid can’t produce thyroxin and triiodothyronine

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7
Q

what happens to filtration rate when the afferent and efferent arteriole’s vasonconstrict

A

when the afferent does filtration decreases

when the efferent does filtration increases

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8
Q

what is double fertilization

A

ONLY IN ANGIOSPERMS
1 sperm fertilizes the egg nucleus
2nd sperm fetilizes the central nuclei
(this creates a 3N endosperm nucleus)

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9
Q

What is the single metabolic pathway that will occur in all living cells

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

what cleavage makes identical twins possible

A

indeterminate cleavage (both halves are possible of becoming a viable embryo)

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11
Q

What causes the yellow skin seen in jaundice

A

excessive bilirubin (a bile pigment)

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12
Q

What are the rough projections on the tongue

A

papillae

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13
Q

what are the papillary muscles

A

cone shaped muscles of the heart

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14
Q

what is the ciliary muscles

A

the muscle of the eye that changes the lens shape

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15
Q

how many turns of the Calvin cycle produce glucose in photosynthesis

A

6

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16
Q

where are the calvin cycle enzymes

A

stroma of the chloroplast

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17
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis

A

O2, ATP, NADPH

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18
Q

what are echinoderms

A

starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

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19
Q

are echinoderms segmented

A

nope

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20
Q

what is a stroke

A

death of nervous tissue in the brain

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21
Q

what is a hybridoma

A

a lymphocyte fused with a myeloma cell

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22
Q

order of abundace

RBC’s, WBC’s platelets

A

RBC’s > Plateletes > WBC

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23
Q

What is a myeloma

A

a cancer cell with the ability for indefinite growth

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24
Q

what are prostaglandins

A

modified fatty acids that induce fever, pain, and inflammation.

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25
Q

what is Ecdysone

A

a hormone that is involved with insect molting and metamorphosis

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26
Q

during what trimester of pregnancy are organs formed

A

1st trimester

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27
Q

when do you start calling the embryo a fetus

A

8 weeks

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28
Q

how soon do many organ and limb buds begin to develop

A

5 weeks

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29
Q

when is a fetus most vulnerable to drugs and radiation

A

the first trimester

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30
Q

what are bacterial endospores, and what kind of bacteria can produce them

A

they are things that help bacteria build up resistance to hot, cold, chemicals, radiation, and other things
Gram positive bacteria produce them

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31
Q

what is found in lymph nodes

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macropahges

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32
Q

what percent of white blood cells and neutrophils

A

60

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33
Q

what are fixed action patterns

A

a coordinated response to specific environmental stressors.

spiders spin webs, animals flock together. (complex reflexes)

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34
Q

what percent of white blood cells are lymphocytes

A

30

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35
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

removes excess pathogens, dead blood cells, and cellular debris from cells and the spaces between them.

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36
Q

what is a biological cascade

A

a series of amplifying steps

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37
Q

what is catabolism

A

the breakdown of molecules

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38
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

the conservation of heat

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39
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy of a system cannot decrease (conservation of entropy)

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40
Q

What is the third law of thermodynamics

A

the at K = 0 entropy = 0

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41
Q

What activates adenylyl cyclase

A

epinephrine

42
Q

what does adenylyl cyclase do

A

ATP —-> cAMP

43
Q

can vaccines be made from toxic byproducts of dangerous organisms

A

yep

44
Q

what are attenuated vaccines

A

vaccines with a weakened or modified microbe. NOT a small portion of the actual microbe.

45
Q

What is an organism that derives most or all of it’s body heat from it’s own metabolism

A

endotherms

46
Q

What is an ectotherm

A

an organims that derives most of it’s body heat from its surroundings

47
Q

what is the sole purpose of the villi and microvilil

A

to increase surface area for absorption

48
Q

where do sarcoma’s happen

A

connective tissues

49
Q

where do carcinoma’s happen

A

epithelial tissues

50
Q

what is the concentrated DNA at the centromeres and end of the chromosomes called

A

Satellite DNA

51
Q

What is the place in the animal egg where the yolk is most concentrated

A

the vegetal pole

52
Q

what is the place in the animal egg where the yolk is the least concentrated

A

the animal pole

53
Q

When is the neural plate formed

A

when the some of the ectodermal cells elongate

54
Q

What happens to the neural plate

A

it folds and becomes the neural tube. then it later becomes the brain and spinal cord

55
Q

What is the Grey Crescent in animal eggs

A

it establishes the body axis, and is located on the side of the egg opposite the sperm penetration location

56
Q

does the embryo increase in size during cleavage

A

nope

57
Q

what phases of mitosis does the cleavage do

A

it does S and M phases, but skips G1 and G2

58
Q

what are somites

A

segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notocord. they can go on to produce the vertebra, or the muscles of the axial skeleton

59
Q

are pines, spruces, and firs gymnosperms

A

yes

60
Q

what is the dominant stage of the life cycle of mosses

A

the gametophyte

61
Q

what are angiosperms

A 
flowering plants
(Oaks, maples, grasses)
62
Q

what is the genes specific location along the length of a chromosomes

A

locus

63
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes

most common and least common

A 
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
64
Q

when is an isomerase enzyme used

A

to convert between isomers

65
Q

What happens between deep and water layers throughout the seasons

A 
summer: 
shallow = high in O2
deep = high in nutrients
spring and autumn:
shallow = high in nutrients
deep = high in O2
66
Q

What is turnover

A

the cycling between O2 and nutrients in lakes and ponds with the seasonal changes

67
Q

What is the function of somatostatin

A

supress the releases of GI hormones (gastrin, secretin, and CCK)
this causes slower gastric emptying and reduced blood flow to the intestines

68
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Flow phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

69
Q

When does menstruation begin

A

with the disintegration of the endometrium

70
Q

what is ecological succession

A

when one community replaces another in a predictable manner

71
Q

what are plant gametangia

A

the places in plants where gametes are produced

72
Q

what is the female gametangia (place in plants where the egg is found)

A

the archegonia

73
Q

what is the male gametangia (place in plants where the sperm is found)

A

antheridia

74
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

cell mediated and humoral

75
Q

what is diapedesis

A

the way that white blood cells slip through the endothelium of blood vessels

76
Q

what are detritivores

A

organisms that consume dead or decaying organic matter

77
Q

who is the universal blood donor

A

O

78
Q

who is the universal blood acceptor

A

AB

79
Q

What is the order of biomes from highest to lowest

A 
Tundra
Tagia
temperate dedacious forests
scrub forest (chaparral)
grassland 
desert
tropical rain forest 
temperate rain forest
80
Q

What is a multiple allele system

A

when more than two alleles exist for a gene locus (blood type)

81
Q

What is epistasis

A

When the affect of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes
one trait is affected by more than one gene

82
Q

what is pleiotropy

A

when one gene affects multiple, unrelated traits

83
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis and drug detoxification

84
Q

What kind of cellular junction holds the cells strongly together and is abundent in epithelial cells

A

Desmosomes

85
Q

what is the function of tight junctions

A

prevent fluid from passing between cells

86
Q

what is the function of gap junctions

A

they directly connect two cells cytoplasm and allows for the passing of material

87
Q

how do osteoblasts build bone

A

they deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate

the mineral hydroxyapeptite is also produced

88
Q

what is hydroxyapeptite

A

a mineral that helps in bone construction

89
Q

what is edward syndrome

A

trisomy 18

90
Q

what is down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

91
Q

what is klinefelter syndrone

A

sex chromosome trisomy

92
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

monosomy (XO)

93
Q

When are karyotypes taken

A

during metaphase because they are most condensed

94
Q

What things are found in prokaryotes

A

ribosomes
nucleic acids
plasma membrane
nucleoid

95
Q

What things aren’t found in prokaryotes

A 
mitochondria
golgi
ER
nucleus
lysomes
96
Q

what are the two sources of amylase

A

salivary glands and pancreas

97
Q

what are the stages of spermatogenesis

A 
spermatogonium (2N
primary spermatocyte (2N)
2- secondary spermatocytes (1N)
4- spermatids (1N)
4- spermatozoids (1N)
98
Q

What are the two types of angiosperms

A

monocots (narrow leaves -grass)

dicots (broad leaves- shrubs)

99
Q

what are plants that lack vascular tissue called

A

non-tracheophytes

100
Q

what is a fruit

A

the ripened ovary of a flower

101
Q

what structures control gas exchange

A

stomata

DAT (14 decks)

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